We detected unmetabolized folic acid in more than one-half of cord blood samples. Folic acid (400 μg/d) supplied during pregnancy is not likely to accumulate in the fetus, in contrast to 5-MTHF and THF, which accumulate in the fetus.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in normal breast tissues, in cancerous breast tissues and in distant metastases from patients with breast cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine PSMA expression and angiogenic activity using anti-PSMA mAb and anti-CD31 mAb respectively. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to confirm the exact co-localization of PSMA and CD31. We observed different patterns of PSMA expression between normal and cancerous tissues. Normal breast tissues showed PSMA expression only in normal glandular cells. However, primary breast tumors and distant metastases showed PSMA expression in tumor cells and in tumor-associated neovasculature. PSMA score group status in primary breast tumors was significantly associated with histologic type and tumor grade (p = 0.026 and p = 0.004 respectively). Distant metastases showed higher PSMA expression in tumor-associated neovasculature comparing with primary tumors. Moreover, brain tumor-associated neovasculture had significantly higher expression of PSMA comparing with bone tumor-associated neovasculture. The localized binding of PSMA mAb to the neovasculature endothelium was confirmed with the double Immunofluorescence staining. Ga-PSAM imaging of a patient with metastatic breast cancer showed strong tracer uptake in all known skeletal metastases. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the second one that has assessed PSMA expression in a large number of breast cancer patients. Our findings showed that PSMA is particularly expressed in tumor-associated neovasculature of breast tumors and its distant metastases, thus enhancing the evidence on the potential usefulness of PSMA as a therapeutic vascular target.

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Background: Increased plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a risk factor for neurological diseases, but the underlying pathophysiology has not been adequately explained. Methods: We evaluated concentrations of tHcy, S-adenosyl homocysteine (SAH), S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), folate, and vitamin B 12 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma or serum from 182 patients with different neurological disorders. We measured concentrations of phosphorylated tau protein (P-tau) (181P) and ␤-amyloid(1-42) in the CSF. Results: Aging was associated with higher concentrations of tHcy and SAH in the CSF, in addition to lower concentrations of CSF folate and lower SAM:SAH ratio. Concentrations of CSF SAH and CSF folate correlated significantly with those of P-tau (r ‫؍‬ 0.46 and r ‫؍‬ ؊0.28, respectively). Moreover, P-tau correlated negatively with SAM:SAH ratio (r ‫؍‬ ؊0.40, P <0.001). The association between SAH and higher P-tau was observed in 3 age groups (<41, 41-60, and >60 years). CSF tHcy was predicted by concentrations of CSF cystathionine (␤ ‫؍‬ 0.478), folate (␤ ‫؍‬ ؊0.403), albumin (␤ ‫؍‬ 0.349), and age (␤ ‫؍‬ 0.298). Conclusions: tHcy concentration in the brain is related to age, B vitamins, and CSF albumin. Increase of CSF SAH is related to increased CSF P-tau; decreased degradation of P-tau might be a plausible explanation. Disturbed methyl group metabolism may be the link be-

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