The spoilage potential of eight bacterial groups/species (Serratia spp., Hafnia alvei, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Shewanella baltica, Lactococcus piscium, Photobacterium phosphoreum, "other Enterobacteriaceae" [containing one strain of Moellerella sp., Morganella sp. and Pectobacterium sp.]) isolated from spoiled raw salmon fillets stored under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was evaluated by inoculation into sterile raw salmon cubes followed by storage for 12days at 8°C. Microbial growth and sensory changes were monitored during the storage period. The dominant spoilage bacteria were C. maltaromaticum, H. alvei and P. phosphoreum. In order to further characterize their spoilage potential and to study the effect of their interactions, each of these 3 specific spoilage organisms (SSO) and two mixed-cultures, C. maltaromaticum/H. alvei and C. maltaromaticum/P. phosphoreum were tested in the sterile salmon model system using a combination of complementary methods: molecular (PCR-TTGE), sensory, chemical and conventional microbiological analyses. It was concluded that, in the mixed-culture inoculated samples, the dominant species determined the spoilage characteristics. The volatile fraction of P. phosphoreum inoculated samples was analyzed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the specific volatile compounds present on P. phosphoreum spoiled inoculated samples, acetic acid was correlated with sensory analysis and can be proposed as a raw salmon spoilage marker.
Streptococcus pneumoniae colonises the mucosal lining of the upper respiratory tract and is an important cause of invasive infections affecting young children, adults over 65 years of age, the immunocompromised and individuals with chronic diseases. Recent studies have shown variations in virulence based on the high rate of pneumococcal recombination. PCR-based molecular methods are highly sensitive, specific and are becoming the preferred tool for quick and accurate diagnosis of bacterial meningitis which is required to be defined within 2-3 hours.
During the 5-year survey period (2013-2017), 202 materials received as cerebrospinal fluid samples and pneumococcal strains isolated from patients diagnosed with meningitis, were examined by Real-time PCR in the reference laboratory at NCIPD. Serotyping of S. pneumoniae-positive materials was performed with conventional multiplex PCR and Real-time PCR with primers for 41serotypes/serogroups.
There is a high incidence of S. pneumoniae serotypes not covered by the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) currently used in Bulgaria. It was found that all cases of meningitis caused by S. pneumoniae vaccine serotypes occurred in patients that were not vaccinated.
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