Due to the high chemical activity of its filler, fiberboard is a unique material, it's formation can be ensured by chemical reactions of wood components. However, under hot pressing modes, typical for dry-process boards, chemical reactions do not have time to go through to the required extent, which requires the use of special modifiers that enhance the activity of the wood fiber. Bi- and polyfunctional compounds - sucrose, carbamide, and citric acid - were investigated as modifiers. The lowest efficiency was shown by sucrose, which is not able to ensure the compliance of the physical and mechanical parameters of the fiberboards with the requirements of standards; The use of urea and citric acid makes it possible to produce fiberboards that are not inferior in their properties to materials from urea-formaldehyde resin. Using the methods of chemical and instrumental analysis (IR spectroscopy, solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy), it was found that during hot pressing, urea and citric acid react with components of the wood cell wall. Urea decomposes during pressing with the formation of ammonia and isocyanic acid, which, in turn, provides interfiber interaction. During hot pressing, citric acid reacts with hydroxyl groups of cell wall components by the esterification mechanism. Using the example of citric acid, it was found that plates that meet the requirements of the TSN-30 standart can be made only with a pressing time of 0.4 min / mm of the fiberboard thickness, which exceeds the technology requirements by more than two times. To ensure the competitiveness of the selected modifiers with respect to existing synthetic resins, it is necessary to find ways to reduce the pressing time.
One of the urgent scientific and technical objectives in the technologies of plywood and wood boards is the search for ways to reduce of hot pressing time without increasing the formaldehyde emission from finished products. To solve this problem was developed the new modifier-curing agent MC-4SF, is mainly a product of interaction of citric acid with urea and ammonia. Compared to traditional ammonium salts, the modifier-curing agent combines the properties of both direct and latent catalysts. Determination of the composition of residual methylol groups in the aqueous extracts obtained by treating the resin cured at 100 °C showed that the modifier-curing agent provides relatively high hydrolytic stability of the UF-polymer during extraction. Spectra of solid-state 13C NMR showed that in resins cured with MC-4SF increased the compound of methylene bridges compared to resins cured with standard catalysts. It is possible that the amino groups of urea (or its derivatives) included in the modifier-curing agent, react with the methylol groups of UF oligomers, fitting urea into the structure of the resulting polymer. Thus explains the increased hydrolytic stability and reduced toxicity of the cured resin. Manufacturing tests of nine-layer plywood made with a modifier-curing agent showed that replacing ammonium sulfate with MC-4SF allows a significant reduction in pressing time at 110 °C without loss of quality of the finished product. With the same pressing time, it was possible to increase the line shear strength by 14% and to reduce formaldehyde emission by 45%.
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