The growing share of students in an urban population contributes significantly to the intellectual potential of cities and regions. It enables the development of labour markets, housing markets, and increases local consumption; this also enriches urban culture and creates an environment for new ideas to flourish. However, the question is how to retain this valuable human capital after graduation. In numerous student cities in Central and Eastern Europe, graduates decide to leave the places they studied in to settle in capital cities or abroad. Most studies on this phenomenon reveal that highly skilled people are guided in their decisions regarding migration by both economic and noneconomic factors. This paper presents the case study of Lodz, the third largest city in Poland, which has experienced a shift from its high level of attractiveness to students to a lower level of attractiveness to graduates.The study is based on cyclical research conducted among students of all public universities operating in the city. It reveals the durability of the city's image in time but also the temporary rather than permanent nature of the willingness to leave the city. In addition, it also reveals certain discrepancies concerning willingness to stay between students originating from Lodz and those born outside the city. Finally, the study confirms that noneconomic factors of migration (primarily the labour market situation), such as relational ties, self-attachment to the city, and marketing activities equally strongly affect students' decisions regarding staying in or leaving the city.

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Przykładem działania polityki przestrzennej wpływającej w istotnym stopniu na kształtowanie przestrzeni w sposób odmienny od mechanizmów wolnorynkowych są mniej lub bardziej udane próby wprowadzania w życie koncepcji tzw. miast idealnych (np. model T. Fritscha, miast-ogrodów E. Howarda, model Ch. E. Le Corbusiera, miasto przemysłowe Toniego Garniera oraz założenia Karty Ateńskiej itp.). Warto jednak mieć na uwadze, że odstępstwa od tradycyjnego modelu renty występują w sytuacji wielu innych, również drobnych decyzji, zapadających w obszarze polityki przestrzennej.

The Changing Nature of the Urban Restructuring of a Post-Socialist Industrial City. disP -The Planning Review ( ), -, https://doi.org/ . / . . PL To zaakceptowany manuskrypt artykułu wydanego przez Taylor & Francis w czasopiśmie disP -The Planning Review w dniu . . r. i dostępnego online: https://doi.org/ . / . .

This conceptual and exploratory article aims to present a rationale for the engagement of citizens with the process and practice of, and research on new civic forms of entrepreneurship. We argue that this form of citizen engagement could enable a better alignment of entrepreneurial initiatives with economic, social and community priorities, and to address issues of global significance of local interest in uncertain environments. To this end, we posit that engaging citizens in the entrepreneurial process could facilitate agency at the collective level of people with their rights, duties and responsibilities, to identify, participate in and govern with existing institutions, in meaningful economic and social activity in defined spatial environments. Our normative understanding of entrepreneurial process involves the creation of business, social and public enterprises, the formation of which is led by entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are of course citizens of specific nation states, but their endeavours do not necessarily warrant the participation of the wider community of citizens in the entrepreneurial process beyond their receiving function as users of goods and services. We consider whether pro-active engagement in a variety of ways, as nurtured in the practice of Citizen Science or Citizen Economics projects, could strengthen the profile and substance of entrepreneurship to resolve critical economic, social and environmental concerns of our times. We use the concept of the ‘commons’ and collective efficacy to argue for an understanding of entrepreneurship and innovation as a social good. We argue that Citizen Entrepreneurship (CE) is able to create new forms of collective organisation and governance, and derive economic and social value by addressing local issues arising from wide-spread phenomena such as climate change, ecological and environmental challenges, inequality, social polarisation, populism, migration and the gradual erosion of democratic institutions. To do so, citizens need to develop capabilities for engagement in the entrepreneurship process, especially when traditional public and market institutions fail to satisfy their existential needs. Indeed, active engagement could lead to the achievement of capabilities for well-being and fulfilling lives which go beyond the acquisition of skills and competencies necessary to pursue a vocation or a career. We refer to and interpret three examples of collective entrepreneurial activity in different urban environments in European countries as models of CE highlighting what we see as a growing trend in the entrepreneurial substance of the ‘urban commons’. We work towards the creation of a conceptual model with which to develop an understanding of a unique formulation of entrepreneurship.