a b s t r a c tTourism in protected areas can create considerable income for adjacent communities. Based on faceto-face visitor surveys, the present study measures the structure, size and economic impact of tourist expenditure in the six German national parks Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer, Bayerischer Wald, Eifel, Müritz, Hainich and Kellerwald-Edersee. We find that mean daily expenditure per person of national park visitors is considerably below the national averages for tourists in Germany: day-trippers spend between EUR 7 and 13 per day (national average: EUR 28), whereas overnight visitors spend between EUR 37 and 57 (national average: EUR 120). The proportion of visitors with high national park affinity varies between a maximum of almost 46% in Bayerischer Wald and a minimum of nearly 11% in Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer. Between 49% and 51% of tourist expenditure is captured as direct and indirect income. The total impact of tourism ranges between EUR 525 million in Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer and EUR 1.9 million in Kellerwald-Edersee, reflecting the national parks' distinct trajectories as tourist destinations. In order to increase the economic benefits accruing from national parks regional policy could aim at a qualitative upgrading of tourist services, increased marketing of the unique national park label and the promotion of a diverse regional supply base.

CSIRO Atmospheric Research (http://www.dar.csiro.au) conducts research into weather, climate and atmospheric pollution, concentrating on environmental issues affecting Australia. Our research is directed toward meeting the needs of government, industry and the community. We address issues such as urban and regional air pollution, acid deposition, the enhanced greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, climatic variability and severe weather. See http://www.dar.csiro.au/division/docs/DivisionalBrochure.pdf.The Australian National University Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies (http://cres.anu.edu.au) addresses resource and environmental issues of national and international importance through the development and application of interdisciplinary concepts, theories and methods involving biophysical and socio-economic dimensions. CRES undertakes research and postgraduate training and conducts consultancies for industry and all levels of government. DisclaimerThe projections in this report are based on results from computer models that involve simplifications of real physical processes that are not fully understood. Accordingly, no responsibility will be accepted by CSIRO for the accuracy of the projections inferred from this report or for any person's interpretations, conclusions or actions based on this information.ii

German national parks are increasingly under pressure from land use change and need objective information on economic values associated with different forms of use to help policy-makers resolve conflicting policy goals. To date, a complete cost-benefit analysis of a German national park has not been undertaken. This paper addresses this gap through a study from the Bavarian Forest National Park (BFNP), the oldest and best known park in Germany. The research questions are: (1) Is the designation of the national park economically justified? and (2) Can revenue from park tourism compensate for its costs? Databases used include a visitor and enterprise survey, qualitative interviews and secondary sources; analyses involved several interrelated environmental valuation methods. Results suggest that the BFNP is an economically favourable land use option under most scenarios. At national level, half of the scenarios show a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) greater than 1. At regional level the park acts as a tool for economic development, generating net monetary gains for surrounding counties, with BCRs of over 1 throughout. Tourism contributes to over 60% of the benefits and compensates for more than two-thirds of the costs in half of the scenarios discussed. Key policy implications are listed.

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Unlike chlorination fluorination of ammine complexes of platinum(IV) in aqueous solution does not lead to haloamido complexes. Instead, the triammine complexes [Pt(NH3)3Cl3]Cl and [Pt(NH3)3(NCl2)2Cl]Cl yield no definite main product, and the tetrammine and pentammine complexes trans-[Pt(NH3)4C12]C12, [Pt(NH3)4(NCl2)Cl]Cl2, [Pt(NH3)5Cl]Cl3, and [Pt(NH3)5(OH)]Cl3 form the sparingly soluble complex trans -[Pt (NH3 )4C12] (H2F3 )2 • 2 H-20 as the main product.

The economic relevance of tourism has been proven by numerous studies using various theoretical constructs and methodological approaches. This introduction to the special issue provides an overview of the different concepts of the economic effects of tourism and distinguishes their most relevant influencing factors. Often overlooked influences are the geographical scale and the cost side of tourism. A special focus of this paper lies on a further determinant of economic impact of utmost importance: visitor spending. The role of visitors' expenditure behavior is comprehensively reviewed using an extensive literature 170Marius Mayer, Luisa Vogt base. Thus, we are able to identify the most important driving factors of visitor expenditure in tourism in a generalizable and systematic way.

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The effects of climate conditions and weather on ski tourism have become a hot topic as the negative impacts of climate change on ski tourism become increasingly visible. This study aims at measuring the significance and magnitude of long-term diurnal and daily weather conditions on lift frequentation at an Austrian glacier ski area in terms of the winter and the summer skiing offers. In doing so, it utilizes an autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model to reveal and quantify any volatility associated with ski area visitation and then employs regression models to account for any microclimatic elasticity of glacier skiing demand. The main findings reveal a significant volatility in ski area visitation, especially during the summer seasons. While this study does not aim for an ultimate determination on the reasons for such volatility, skiing demand models illustrate the importance of thermal comfort, especially wind chill factor (WCF), as a major determinant of demand sensitivity for glacier skiing as well as non-skier visits during the summer season. Significant, albeit inelastic, relationships between other microclimatic characteristics, such as snow depth and relative humidity, with visitation and lift frequentation are also identified. Based on these findings, implications according to a changing climate and practical suggestions on the sustainability of winter and summer skiing activities are provided.