Microimmunofluorescence (MIF), a Chlamydia trachomatis species-specific enzyme immunoassay incorporating lipopolysaccharide-extracted Chlamydia trachomatis L2 elementary bodies, two different synthetic peptide-based species-specific tests, and a recombinant lipopolysaccharide genus-specific test were performed on multiple follow-up sera (n = 104 total) from 16 women with Chlamydia trachomatis-positive cervical swabs. These women included five with IgG seroconversions, five with Chlamydia trachomatis reinfections after initial therapy, and six with serologic follow-up of more than 6 years after antibiotic therapy. Of all the tests employed in this study, MIF IgG reverted earliest to negative titers, while MIF IgA was the least sensitive. The lipopolysaccharide-extracted elementary body enzyme immunoassay exhibited the closest correlation with the MIF test. The highest test sensitivity was observed in one of the synthetic peptide-based tests, which detected earliest seroconversions and longest IgG persistence. The other synthetic peptide-based test gave false-negative results in 2 of 16 women and did not detect seroconversion earlier than the MIF test. Seroconversion and persistence of genus-specific IgG--cross-reactivity with Chlamydia pneumoniae--against lipopolysaccharide were similar to species-specific IgG. A significant serologic response to reinfection was observed only in women with signs of pelvic inflammatory disease. Species-specific tests of high sensitivity and reproducibility are best suited for gynecological diagnostic purposes.
Porcine Parvovirus Type 1 (PPV1) contributes to important losses in the swine industry worldwide. During a PPV1 infection, embryos and fetuses are targeted, resulting in stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI syndrome). Even though vaccination is common in gilts and sows, strains mainly belonging to the 27a-like group have been spreading in Europe since early 2000s, resulting in SMEDI problems, requiring in-depth studies into the molecular epidemiology and vaccination efficacy of commercial vaccines. Here, we show that PPV1 has evolved since 1855 [1737, 1933] at a rate of 4.71x10-5 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. Extensive sequencing allowed to evaluate and reassess current PPV1 VP1-based classifications, providing evidence for the existence of four relevant phylogenetic groups. While most European strains belong to the PPV1a (G1) or PPV1b (G2 or 27a-like) group, most Asian and American G2 strains and some European strains were divided into a virulent PPV1c (e.g. NADL-8) and attenuated PPV1d (e.g. NADL-2) group. The increase of the swine population, vaccination degree, and health management (vaccination and biosafety) influenced the spread of PPV1. The reactivity of anti-PPV1 antibodies from sows vaccinated with Porcilis© Parvo, Eryseng© Parvo, or ReproCyc© ParvoFLEX against different PPV1 field strains was the highest upon vaccination with ReproCyc© ParvoFLEX, followed by Eryseng© Parvo, and Porcilis© Parvo. Our findings contribute to the evaluation of the immunogenicity of existing vaccines and support the development of new vaccine candidates. Finally, the potential role of cluster-specific hallmark amino acids in elevated pathogenicity and viral entry are discussed.
Abstract. Data on spontaneous pathology are substantially scarce for common marmosets, compared to other laboratory animals, but is essential for the interpretation of histological findings in the context of toxicological and experimental studies. Especially if common marmosets are used as experimental animals in respiratory research, detailed knowledge on the spectrum, occurrence, and incidence of spontaneous histopathological pulmonary lesions in this non-human primate species is required. In this study, lung tissue of 638 common marmosets from the marmoset colony of the German Primate Center was examined histologically. The analysis revealed a high incidence of predominantly mild and multifocal interstitial pneumonia (32.99 %) of unknown etiology in most cases. Only few marmosets exhibited lobar pneumonia (1.41 %) and bronchopneumonia (0.94), which were mainly caused by bacterial pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Lung immaturity and atelectasis were common histological findings in newborn marmosets. Typical background lesions included anthracosis (8.15 %), hemosiderosis (1.72 %), extramedullary hematopoiesis (11.6 %), mineralization (10.97 %), and inflammatory cell foci (10.34 %). In addition, three cases of pulmonary arteriopathy (0.47 %) and 1 case of foreign-body granuloma (0.16 %) were detected in the marmoset study cohort. The high prevalence of circulatory disturbances (congestion, edema, hemorrhage) and changes in air content (secondary atelectasis, alveolar emphysema) could partly be explained by euthanasia-related artifacts or agonal changes. The present study provides a comprehensive overview of the range and incidence of spontaneous pulmonary histopathology in common marmosets, serving as valuable reference data for the interpretation of lung lesions in toxicological and experimental marmoset studies.
This is the first case of Balamuthia amebic encephalitis in Germany.
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