A comprehensive DNA barcoding library is very useful for rapid identification and detection of invasive pest species. We tested the performance of species identification in the economically most damaging group of wood-boring insects - the bark and ambrosia beetles - with particular focus on broad geographical sampling across the boreal Palearctic forests. Neighbour-joining and Bayesian analyses of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences from 151 species in 40 genera revealed high congruence between morphology-based identification and sequence clusters. Inconsistencies with morphological identifications included the discovery of a likely cryptic Nearctic species of Dryocoetes autographus, the possible hybrid origin of shared mitochondrial haplotypes in Pityophthorus micrographus and P. pityographus, and a possible paraphyletic Xyleborinus saxeseni. The first record of Orthotomicus suturalis in North America was confirmed by DNA barcoding. The mitochondrial data also revealed consistent divergence across the Palearctic or Holarctic, confirmed in part by data from the large ribosomal subunit (28S). Some populations had considerable variation in the mitochondrial barcoding marker, but were invariant in the nuclear ribosomal marker. These findings must be viewed in light of the high number of nuclear insertions of mitochondrial DNA (NUMTs) detected in eight bark beetle species, suggesting the possible presence of additional cryptic NUMTs. The occurrence of paralogous COI copies, hybridization or cryptic speciation demands a stronger focus on data quality assessment in the construction of DNA barcoding databases.

The wide distribution and dominance of invasive inbreeding species in many forest ecosystems seems paradoxical in face of their limited genetic variation. Successful establishment of invasive species in new areas is nevertheless facilitated by clonal reproduction: parthenogenesis, regular self-fertilization, and regular inbreeding. The success of clonal lineages in variable environments has been explained by two models, the frozen niche variation (FNV) model and the general-purpose genotype (GPG) model. We tested these models on a widely distributed forest pest that has been recently established in Costa Rica—the sibling-mating ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus morigerus. Two deeply diverged mitochondrial haplotypes coexist at multiple sites in Costa Rica. We find that these two haplotypes do not differ in their associations with ecological factors. Overall the two haplotypes showed complete overlap in their resource utilization; both genotypes have broad niches, supporting the GPG model. Thus, probable or not, our findings suggest that X. morigerus is a true ecological generalist. Clonal aspects of reproduction coupled with broad niches are doubtless important factors in the successful colonization of new habitats in distant regions.

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Accurate abundance estimates are crucial for evidence-based fisheries management. In rivers, drift dive counting and electrofishing are commonly used for quantifying fish abundance. However, the likelihood that fish are detected by these counting methods is affected by a range of factors, with substantial potential implications for the outcomes. Fish behavior and distribution also differs with light intensity, yet diel variation in abundance estimates produced by common enumeration methods has received little attention. Here, we present a comparison of diurnal and nocturnal counts of the landlocked population of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar, known as "småblank," and Brown Trout Salmo trutta in a Norwegian river. Six drift dive transects and 12 electrofishing sites were surveyed at day and night in early autumn. During drift dives, småblank were exclusively observed at night. Brown Trout were observed by snorkelers both day and night but in significantly higher numbers at night (six times more Brown Trout per 100 m at night versus in the day). Catch per unit effort of backpack electrofishing was significantly higher at night than at daytime for both småblank and Brown Trout older than age 0 (202% and 108% higher, respectively). We argue that differences in drift dive counts were mainly caused by fish hiding in the substrate during the day and being more active at night, resulting in diel differences in detection rate. Further studies are needed to determine whether differences in electrofishing catches were caused by diel fish migrations or higher catchability at night.Quantifying abundance is fundamental in fisheries research and management. The most straightforward way of estimating population size is counting all individuals within their spatial distribution as is attempted for adults of some migratory fish populations (e.g., Orell and Erkinaro 2007;Skoglund et al. 2021). This is impractical for most species, and population monitoring is therefore often conducted by local abundance estimation in selected areas (for discussions on different approaches, see Otis et al. 1978;Royle and Nichols 2003;Brashares and Sam