This study reports the feasibility of recovering metal precipitates from a synthetic acidic wastewater containing ethanol, Fe, Zn, and Cd at an organic loading rate of 2.5 g COD/L-day and a COD to sulfate ratio of 0.8 in a sulfate reducing down-flow fluidized bed reactor. The metals were added at increasing loading rates: Fe from 104 to 320 mg/L-day, Zn from 20 to 220 mg/L-day, and Cd from 5 to 20 mg/L-day. The maximum COD and sulfate removals attained were 54% and 41%, respectively. The biofilm reactor was operated at pH as low as 5.0 with stable performance, and no adverse effect over COD consumption or sulfide production was observed. The metals precipitation efficiencies obtained for Fe, Zn, and Cd exceeded 99.7%, 99.3%, and 99.4%, respectively. The total recovered precipitate was estimated to be 90% of the theoretical mass expected as metal sulfides. The precipitate was mainly recovered from the bottom of the reactor and the equalizer. The analysis of the precipitates showed the presence of pyrite (FeS2), sphalerite (ZnS) and greenockite (CdS); no metal hydroxides or carbonates in crystalline phases were identified. This study is the first in reporting the feasibility to recover metal sulfides separated from the biomass in a sulfate reducing process in one stage.

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BACKGROUND: Sulfate-reducing fluidized bed reactors represent an alternative for the treatment of wastewaters that contain dissolved metals. However, the low acetate consumption achieved through sulfate reduction affects the organic matter removal efficiency. The aim of this present work was to develop a sulfidogenic biofilm able to consume acetate via sulfate reduction within a short start-up period (21 days). Three experiments were conducted in a down-flow fluidized bed reactor with different acetate/lactate proportions in the feed (50/50, 80/20 and 90/10). Reduction of the influent pH from 6.0 to 4.0 was also studied at the higher acetate content. RESULTS: Organic matter oxidation efficiency was similar in the three experiments (∼67%), nonetheless the sulfate reduction rate was higher in the experiments with 80 and 90% acetate in the feed (744 and 730 mg L −1 d −1 ). Acetate oxidation via sulfate reduction was highest (39% of inlet) at the ratio 90/10, at which the biofilm specific sulfate reducing activity with acetate was 4.3 times higher than that developed at 50/50. Influent pH reduction to 4.0 was not detrimental to acetate consumption via sulfate reduction, which was 56%. Analysis of the biofilm through DGGE found a similar community in the three experiments and the presence of acetotrophic microorganisms affiliated to Desulfobacca acetoxidans.CONCLUSIONS: Limiting the substrate (lactate) was an appropriate strategy to enrich acetate-consuming sulfate reducers and improve the low acetate removal efficiency that sulfate-reducing reactors face.

Consortium diversity of a sulfate-reducing biofilm developed at acidic pH influent conditions in a down-flow fluidized bed reactorSulfate reduction is an appropriate approach for the treatment of effluents with sulfate and dissolved metals. In sulfate-reducing reactors, acetate may largely contribute to the residual organic matter, because not all sulfate reducers are able to couple the oxidation of acetate to the reduction of sulfate, limiting the treatment efficiency. In this study, we investigated the diversity of a bacterial community in the biofilm of a laboratory scale down-flow fluidized bed reactor, which was developed under sulfidogenic conditions at an influent pH between 4 and 6. The sequence analysis of the microbial community showed that the 16S rRNA gene sequence of almost 50% of the clones had a high similarity with Anaerolineaceae. At second place, 33% of the 16S rRNA phylotypes were affiliated with the sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfobacca acetoxidans and Desulfatirhabdium butyrativorans, suggesting that acetotrophic sulfate reduction was occurring in the system. The remaining bacterial phylotypes were related to fermenting bacteria found at the advanced stage of reactor operation. The results indicate that the acetotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria were able to remain within the biofilm, which is a significant result because few natural consortia harbor complete oxidizing sulfate-reducers, improving the acetate removal via sulfate reduction in the reactor.

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A novel technology was developed for the treatment of a stainless steel wastewater, which contains high nitrate concentration (6.8 g N-NO3 –/L), acidic pH (pH 3.3), and high concentration of metals. Denitrification was performed in an anaerobic swirling fluidized-bed membrane bioreactor (ASFMBR) with synthetic and real wastewater. The treatment concept was also integrated by a precipitation column in which high recirculation of the alkalinity produced from denitrification was introduced to drive the precipitation and recovery of metals present in the wastewater. The novel reactor configuration achieved high nitrate removal (>94%), and the acidic pH was efficiently neutralized in the reactor by recycling the alkalinity produced from denitrification. More than 40% of the metals present in the industrial wastewater was recovered. Membrane fouling was avoided by the hydrodynamic regime established in the ASFMBR. The treatment concept is promising to achieve an efficient removal of nitrate and recovery of metals from metallurgic wastewater.

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The teaching of mathematics these days can turn multidisciplinary with a great and significant content when making use of technology and project-based learning. This work arises as an answer of the Comprehensive Reform in the Development of Competencies petition, the proposal in the educational improvement by the constructive lineup of John Biggs and Collis, as well as Marzano´s use of significant knowledge and mental habits. The implementation of this engineering project was with teams of students from the first semester of different engineering majors in the subjects of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. The evaluation of collaborative work in the classroom and computer room about mathematic laws, calculations, and mathematical software, as well as the reliable investigation on internet about the context and dimension of projects resulted in the creation of the first project contest, where every student showed their motivation and excellent development, the interaction of technology use and the mathematical learning.