This study examined patterns of: (1) observed racial socialization messages in dyadic discussions between 111 African American mothers and adolescents (M age = 15.50) and (2) mothers’ positive emotions displayed during the discussion. Mothers displayed more advocacy on behalf of their adolescents in response to discrimination by a White teacher than to discrimination by a White salesperson. Mothers displayed consistent emotional support of adolescents’ problem solving across both dilemmas but lower warmth in response to the salesperson dilemma. Findings illustrate evidence of the transactional nature of racial socialization when presented with adolescents’ racial dilemmas. The role of adolescent gender in mothers’ observed racial socialization responses is also discussed. A framework for a process-oriented approach to racial socialization is presented.

The findings highlight the different dimensions of racial identity invalidation and indicate their negative associations with connectedness and psychological well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record

Objectives: The current study examines how general racial discrimination, discrimination from family, and racial identity invalidation impact Multiracial 1 people's mental health. Methods: Multiracial participants (n = 464) completed online surveys that assessed their mental health and experiences of various dimensions of discrimination. Results: At the bivariate level, all dimensions of discrimination related to negative mental health outcomes. Results of path analysis with discrimination dimensions entered simultaneously as predictor variables indicated that discrimination from family, behavioral invalidation, and phenotype invalidation predicted maladjustment, whereas general racial discrimination did not. Latent classes were constructed to represent various profiles of discriminatory experiences. Low discrimination (n = 212), high discrimination (n = 49), racial identity invalidation (n = 154), and general-familial discrimination (n = 58) classes arose. The low discrimination class reported the best mental health outcomes, whereas the high discrimination class reported the worst mental health outcomes; the racial identity invalidation and general-familial discrimination classes reported similar mental health outcomes that fell in between the low and high discrimination classes. Conclusions: Findings highlight how the combination of racial discrimination dimensions influence Multiracial people's mental health and emphasize the need to address unique forms of discrimination specific to Multiracial people. Public Significance StatementFindings from the current study indicate that discrimination from family and identity invalidation play unique roles in negatively influencing Multiracial people's mental health. Multiracial individuals experiencing multiple types of racial discrimination and those experiencing multiple types of identity invalidation have similar health outcomes. These findings help explain the unique stressors Multiracial people face that make them vulnerable to poorer mental health outcomes.

Multiracial people report repeated experiences of racial identity invalidation, in which their racial identity is rejected by others. The current study examined whether the race of the perpetrator of these invalidating experiences matters in determining the impact of invalidation. A sample of 221 Black multiracial people was recruited to take an online survey investigating their experiences of identity invalidation, levels of cultural homelessness, and challenges with racial identity. Participants reported that Black people invalidated their racial identity the most, and they were most hurt by invalidation perpetrated by Black people. Finally, those whose experiences of identity invalidation were mostly perpetrated by Black people, as opposed to other racial groups, were more likely to exhibit racial homelessness and challenges with racial identity. Results highlight the importance of racial identity affirmation by the Black community for Black multiracial individuals.

This qualitative study examined instances of racial identity invalidation among 49 Black/White Biracial individuals. Transcriptions of participants discussing their most stressful experience of invalidation were coded for themes using content analysis. Themes that emerged provided a rich description of Biracial participants' perceptions of why invalidation occurs and why perpetrators invalidated the individual. Also addressed are Biracial people's thoughts, feelings, and reactions in response to the invalidation, and the effect of the invalidating experience on racial identity.Implications for research and preventive interventions are provided.

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The current study introduces cultural humility as a racial socialization strategy for Multiracial children. Specifically, the relationship between perceived primary caregiver cultural humility and mental health was examined for Multiracial people. The indirect and the moderating role of children’s racial identity (i.e., Multiracial pride, challenges with racial identity) was also examined. Multiracial people (N = 399) were recruited to fill out measures of caregiver cultural humility, mental health, and racial identity via Qualtrics. Findings indicated that caregiver cultural humility was correlated with less depressive symptoms for Multiracial children. Age moderated relationships between humility and depressive symptoms, such that primary caregiver humility negatively correlated with depressive symptoms for Multiracial individuals in their mid to late thirties and younger. Multiracial pride and challenges with racial identity partially explained relationships between cultural humility and depressive symptoms. Also, challenges with racial identity moderated relationships between humility and depressive symptoms, such that humility was more beneficial for individuals experiencing more challenges with racial identity. Results of the study highlight cultural humility as a promotive strategy that primary caregivers might employ to foster the mental health and racial identity of Multiracial children.