Psychologists have long been cognizant of the inadequacies of quotients, be they IQ's, El's, or MQ's, as reliable indicators of the individual's capacity for different fields of work. It has been only too obvious that many who scored low on tests did exceptionally well in the special work for which the tests purported to measure ability, while others who made high scores were most inadequate to the demands of work in those fields for which the tests indicated them to be best suited.With the necessity of giving practical advice, however, psychologists have become increasingly aware of the need to ascertain the causes of success or failure in practical work when such success or failure is inconsistent with test scores. They have found it necessary to study analytically how individuals of the same general level of intelligence differ, and have come to regard these specific aspects of ability or disability as important prognostic factors in success or failure. Furthermore, empirical work has demonstrated that special phases of ability are revealed by consideration of the separate parts of the tests and their interconnections, as well as by the changes in such interrelations coincident with changes in chronological and mental levels. Likewise, the establishment of norms or central tendencies for the separate parts of tests has been found greatly to enhance their value as diagnostic instruments.Thus it came about that, from the need of a refined, diagnostic scale of mechanical ability for use in vocational and educational advice, this study of the MacQuarrie Test was begun in 1933. 2 From practical work with the MacQuarrie Test, the authors had derived the impression that total scores seemed to correspond to levels of intelligence, although MacQuarrie himself had found the relation to group tests of mental ability to be negligible (less than +.20
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