Accurate identification of anopheline species is essential for vector incrimination and implementation of appropriate control strategies. Several anopheline species are considered important malaria vectors in Colombia; however, species determination is complicated by cryptic morphology and intra-individual variation. We describe polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences for differentiation of seven Anopheles species collected in a locality in Antioquia, Colombia, with high levels of malaria transmission. Each of these seven species can be identified by unique AluI PCR-RFLP restriction patterns. Comparisons of morphologic identification with molecular identification of voucher specimens confirmed species designation for 886 wild-caught anophelines. This new method can be used as a diagnostic tool for discrimination of anopheline species of medical importance in this region, some of which have overlapping morphologic characters and for conducting complementary studies where rapid and accurate identification of large numbers of specimens is needed.
White patients were less likely to complete residential substance abuse treatment in a program in which the majority of both therapists and patients were black. Younger black veterans and those with back pain were also less likely to complete treatment.
Observaciones: Árbol conocido aparentemente sólo de poblaciones en el Parque Nacional Cutervo. Si bien está en un área protegida, la deforestación fuera de esta unidad de conservación podría ser una amenaza.Versión Online ISSN 1727-9933Nota del Editor: En la versión on line de este artículo han sido omitidos los mapas del Perú que ilustraban el Registro departamental. Para ubicar las abreviaturas de los departamentos vea al final del artículo.
Despite therapeutic advances, lung cancer (LC) is one of the leading causes of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, the treatment of advanced LC has experienced important changes in survival benefit due to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, overall response rates (ORR) remain low in unselected patients and a large proportion of patients undergo disease progression in the first weeks of treatment. Therefore, there is a need of biomarkers to identify patients who will benefit from ICIs. The programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression has been the first biomarker developed. However, its use as a robust predictive biomarker has been limited due to the variability of techniques used, with different antibodies and thresholds. In this context, tumor mutational burden (TMB) has emerged as an additional powerful biomarker based on the observation of successful response to ICIs in solid tumors with high TMB. TMB can be defined as the total number of nonsynonymous mutations per DNA megabases being a mechanism generating neoantigens conditioning the tumor immunogenicity and response to ICIs. However, the latest data provide conflicting results regarding its role as a biomarker. Moreover, considering the results of the recent data, the use of peripheral blood T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire could be a new predictive biomarker. This review summarises recent findings describing the clinical utility of TMB and TCRβ (TCRB) and concludes that immune, neontigen, and checkpoint targeted variables are required in combination for accurately identifying patients who most likely will benefit of ICIs.
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