Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to explore the correlation between trafficking in children and child labour in Europe. The paper focuses on the scope of these issues and specific feature of child trafficking as the cause of the worst forms of child labour. Child labour and trafficking constitutes not only violations of children's rights, but also acts of transnational organised crime through which criminal groups acquire considerable amounts of money. The paper also identifies the shortcomings of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and European Union (EU) regulations. Design/methodology/approach -Based on available statistical data, the paper seeks to identify the worst forms of child labour, in particular, the sexual exploitation of children as a consequence of child trafficking, and define the implications of child trafficking for the European Common Market. Findings -The trafficking of children expressis verbis should be identified as a cause of the worst forms of child labour, in particular of sexual exploitation of children. Coherent activity of EU member state authorities, cooperation in the field of internal affairs and criminal matters, and development of effective supranational criminal law framework must become a priority of a society oriented towards the highest standards of protection of children's rights as a separate human rights category. The paper critically comments on the problems of relevant definitions contained in the ILO Convention No. 182. Originality/value -The EU went the furthest with its activities; its supranational character proved to be much more effective in developing but also using the existing international instruments as compared to slow and passive child protection mechanisms within other international entities, ILO in particular.
Abstract. The paper discusses the problem of ranking research projects based on the assessment obtained from n ≥ 1 independent blinded reviewers. Each reviewer assesses several project features, and the total score is defined as the weighted arithmetic mean, where the weights of features are determined according to the well-known AHP method. In this way, it is possible to identify each project by a point in n-dimensional space. The ranking is performed on the basis of the distance of each project to the perfectly assessed project. Thereby the application of different metric functions is analyzed. We believe it is inappropriate to use a larger number of decimal places if two projects are almost equidistant (according to some distance function) to the perfectly assessed project. In that case, it would be more appropriate to give priority to the project that has received more uniform ratings. This can be achieved by combining different distance functions. The method is illustrated by several simple examples and applied by ranking internal research projects at Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Croatia.
relations. To answer this question, she analyses why and how the EU pursues five key foreign policy objectives: the encouragement of regional co-operation and integration; the promotion of human rights; the promotion of democracy and good governance; the prevention of violent conflicts; and the fight against international crime.The introductory chapters prepare the ground for the assessment: the first inquires into the EU's distinctive international identity and points to the obstacles and potential for a common EU foreign policy; then the evolution of the EU as an international actor is described through the development of three distinctive pillars; followed by an evaluation of the EU's foreign policy instruments (diplomatic, economic and military -with the latter though meriting somewhat more attention). The following five chapters constitute the heart of the book. Each objective is analysed thoroughly in a separate chapter, with the clear structure of the chapters assisting the reader in the comparison of the EU's policy output. Each chapter examines the internal and external pressures that led to the adoption of this objective, and assesses the mix of policy instruments used to try to achieve these objectives.The approach followed gives an excellent insight into the complexities of EU foreign policy. It also illuminates the many policy dilemmas, with objectives clashing not only with each other, but also with other policy objectives. This leads to a first critical remark -or to a suggestion for the next edition. In the first chapter, the author might have contextualized the five objectives more extensively within the current set of increasingly important competing foreign policy objectives. Moreover, the chapter on regional co-operation (a goal which is now less important than at the time of the first edition) could have been replaced by a new chapter on, for instance, the objective of maintaining good relations with 'strategic partners' (such as Russia and China), or on 'new' foreign policy objectives (such as energy supply and environmental goals). A second remark is related to what Karen Smith rightly notes in the concluding pages of the book: the need for more investigation on the actual impact of the EU's foreign policy on the outside world. In the next edition of her book she should integrate this dimension by exploring not only what the EU foreign policy system actually does, but also what it actually
The chapter is focused on understanding collective agreements and collective bargaining in the Republic of Croatia, as well as the relationship between individual employment contracts and collective agreements through both theoretical and dogmatic approaches to the subject matter. The data on the coverage of workers by collective agreements is intended to provide insight into the reality of the application and scope of collective agreements, but also to highlight the risks of the part of the population in the labor market that does not benefit from their direct or indirect protection. According to available data, more than 50% of workers in the Republic of Croatia are covered by collective agreements. However, the insufficiently reliable records and the fact that there is still no comprehensive national register of all concluded and valid collective agreements are problematic. Special attention is paid both to the open issues de lege lata and to the phenomena that have characterized the development of Croatian labor law from the independence of the state to the recent events during the pandemic COVID-19 and the announced adoption of the new Labor Act, the fourth in the last twenty-seven years. Since in the process of transformation of employment relationships and fragmentation of the labor market certain institutions of labor law become particularly important, the legitimate question arises not only about the influence of trade unions on the relevant processes, but also about their ability to assert themselves as generators of social dialogue focused on vulnerable groups of workers and consolidation of membership. The author has tried to avoid a purely normative analysis and focus on the sociolegal discourse and methodological pluralism in terms of content structure and approach.
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