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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent non-specific inhibitors of the cycloxygenase pathway of inflammation, and therefore an understanding of the interaction process of the drugs with membrane phospholipids is of high relevance. We have studied the interaction of the NSAIDs with phospholipid membranes made from dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) by applying Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Förster resonance energy transfer spectroscopy (FRET), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). FTIR data obtained via attenuated total reflectance (ATR) show that the interaction between DMPC and NSAIDs is limited to a strong interaction of the drugs with the phosphate region of the lipid head group. The FTIR transmission data furthermore are indicative of a strong effect of the drugs on the hydrocarbon chains inducing a reduction of the chain-chain interactions, i.e., a fluidization effect. Parallel to this, from the DSC data beside the decrease of T(m) a reduction of the peak height of the melting endotherm connected with its broadening is observed, but leaving the overall phase transition enthalpy constant. Additionally, phase separation is observed, inducing the formation of a NSAID-rich and a NSAID-poor phase. This is especially pronounced for Diclofenac. Despite the strong influence of the drugs on the acyl chain moiety, FRET data do not reveal any evidence for drug incorporation into the lipid matrix, and ITC measurements performed do not exhibit any heat production due to drug binding. This implies that the interaction process is governed by only entropic reactions at the lipid/water interface.

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This report presents evidence that ibuprofen interacts with red cell membranes as follows: a) in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies on human erythrocytes induced shape changes at a concentration as low as 10μM; b) in isolated unsealed human erythrocyte membranes (IUM) induced mild increase in the water content or in their molecular dynamics at the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interphase, while a corresponding ordering decrease at the deep phospholipids acyl chain level; c) at physiological temperature (37°C), 300μM ibuprofen induced a significant increase in the generalized polarization (GP) of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) large unilamellar vesicles (LUV), an indication that ibuprofen molecules locate in the head polar group region of DMPC; d) X-ray diffraction studies showed that ibuprofen concentrations≥300μM induced increasing structural perturbation to DMPC bilayers; e) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data showed that ibuprofen was able to alter the cooperativity of DMPC phase transition in a concentration-dependent manner, to destabilize the gel phase and that ibuprofen did not significantly perturb the organization of the lipid hydrocarbon chains. Additionally, the effect on the viability of both human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 and human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells was studied.

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