This paper describes a multi-level strategy with increased complexity through four levels of structural analysis of concrete bridges. The concept was developed to provide a procedure that supports enhanced assessments with better understanding of the structure and more precise predictions of the load-carrying capacity. In order to demonstrate and examine the multi-level strategy, a continuous multi-span prestressed concrete girder bridge, tested until shear failure, was investigated. Calculations of the load-carrying capacity at the initial level of the multi-level strategy consistently resulted in underestimated capacities, with the predicted load ranging from 25 % to 78 % of the tested failure load, depending on the local resistance model applied. The initial assessment was also associated with issues of localising the shear failure accurately and, consequently, refined structural analysis at enhanced level was recommended. Enhanced assessment using nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis precisely reproduced the behaviour observed in the experimental test, capturing the actual failure mechanism and the load-carrying capacity with less than 4 % deviation to the test. Thus, the enhanced level of assessment, using the proposed multilevel strategy, can be considered to be accurate, but the study also shows the importance of using guidelines for nonlinear FE analysis and bridge-specific information.
For realistic modelling of reinforced concrete structures, non-linear models are often inevitable, which raises the question of an appropriate safety format for non-linear analysis. This paper gives an overview of available safety formats and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. An analysis of available round robin tests and modelling competitions shows that current safety formats do not properly account for the modelling uncertainty of non-linear analysis. Based on this observation a new safety format was proposed which allows one to explicitly account for the modelling uncertainty. To avoid any interaction of the modelled response with the safety format, the mean in situ material parameters should be used in the non-linear analysis and a resistance safety factor is used to assure the intended reliability level. The application of the new safety format to beam sections loaded in bending showed that it offers a reliability level that is in good agreement with the target reliability.
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