The EU model of market integration, based on financial openness, leads to divergence and sectoral specialization, which makes the convergence of Central and East European EU countries (CEE) in the EU questionable. The idea of the paper is that forms of foreign direct investment (FDI) have a differential effect on the growth and development of countries—i.e., it is assumed that FDI inflows into the manufacturing sector have a greater intensity and impact on economic growth than inflows into the services sector. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the system determinants and transmission mechanisms of the sectoral structure of FDI inflows on the sample of 10 CEE for the period 1995–2019. Following a critical analysis of previous research, a panel model was constructed in the empirical section. A developed credit market and the purchasing power of residents lead to greater capital inflows into the services sector, while a higher GDP growth rate and a depreciated real exchange rate lead to higher inflows into the manufacturing sector. The conclusion of the paper is that changing the structure of the domestic economy based on clear industrial and investment policies is the best way to attract developmentally efficient FDI.
The aim of this paper is to find alternative method of executing reimbursement loan, as a form of documentary loan, that is, to investigate new digital technology methods (fintech) to improve the efficiency of the international exchange. Reimbursement loans are often used to credit the trade of overseas goods. The reason of such case is that the shipment of goods by the maritime transport requires a significant amount of time and those trades are often associated with high financial amounts. Since international trade (exchange) is a kind of a generator of society’s progress, it is necessary to explore the possibilities for making international payment cheaper, more efficient and more secure. In this case, we based our research on the implementation of modern technologies, more precisely “blockchain”/DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology) and “smart contracts”. The new reimbursement loan model presented in the paper is based on the aforementioned technologies. It could potentially change not only the documentary lending techniques, but also, eventually, overall financial paradigm. The effectiveness of the application of modern technologies is proven comparing the results of the so called conventional and unconventional reimbursement credit model on a real case involving two companies in Indonesia and Singapore. The paper also tackles on the further implementation of “smart contract” technology and “blockchain”/DLT, thus considering the potential impact of these technologies on overseas trade, credit markets and financial institutions. Finally, the paper argues on the limitations in implementing this new technique (e.g. legal, political and technical challenges).
Institucionalni investitori, kao financijske institucije koje najviše ulažu u utržive vrijednosne papire, uvelike doprinose razvoju financijskog tržišta na strani potražnje. Fenomen rasta institucionalnih investitora posebno je važan za financijska tržišta novih zemalja članica EU uključujući i Republiku Hrvatsku, koja evoluiraju i poprimaju konfiguraciju zrelih financijskih sustava. Specifično, najveći utjecaj na oblikovanje financijskih sustava novih zemalja članica EU imale su reforme vlasničkih struktura i sustava mirovinskog osiguranja odnosno demografske promjene povezane s poteškoćama državnih, međugeneracijskih mirovinskih sustava. Cilj rada je ukazati na determinante i pokazatelje razvoja najvažnijih institucionalnih investitora odnosno investicijskih fondova, mirovinskih fondova i društava za osiguranje u odabranim novim zemljama članicama EU. Metode privatizacije izdavanjem dionica vodile su povećanju ponude na tržištima kapitala, dok se je utjecaj mirovinskih reformi manifestirao u jačanju potražnje za vrijednosnim papirima.
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