the CF currents are much smaller than the DF ones for all the frequencies, which agrees with the quasistatic feature of the CSSR. Second, the resonance of the CSSR satisfies the Lorentz oscillator model. Consequently, both the CF and DF currents reach their maxima as illustrated in Figures 4(d) and 4(e). Additionally, the DF currents at the right-hand side lead undoubtedly confirm the band stop feature of the CSSR. Third, the CF currents corresponding to the capacitive response of the CSSR are concentrated at the air slot regions of A and C denoted in Figures 4(a). While the DF currents in Figures 4(c) and 4(e) corresponding to the inductive response of the CSSR are trapped at the metallic strip region B denoted in Figure 4(a). Interestingly, the peaks of the CF currents tunnel from the region A to the region C as the frequency increases as shown in Figures 4(b), (d), and 4(f). In comparison with the outer air slot related to the region A, the inner one related to the region C has smaller capacitance value. CONCLUSIONAn IE-based rigorous HD process is proposed to extract and analyze the EM field. It provides much clearer insight into field coupling and radiation mechanisms. Compared to the loop-tree based decomposition, it is rigorous and frequency-independent. This method provides a novel angle and a powerful postprocessing facility to reproduce and understand the complex EM responses for EMI/EMC, antennas, SI, and other areas.ABSTRACT: Dedicated short-range communications (DSRCs) is a short-to-medium range wireless protocol designed for automotive systems. This article describes the development of a one-layer compact lefthand circularly polarized antenna with a footprint and characteristics suitable for on-board-unit antenna of a DSRC system. The size of the developed prototype is 40 3 40 3 1.55 mm 3 and exhibits a circularly polarized gain of about 4.68 dBc with a cross polarization discrimination of about 22.5 dB.
Dedicated short-range communications (DSRCs) is a novel short-to medium-range wireless protocol designed for automotive use. The DSRC signals are circularly polarised and allocated in the 5.8 GHz band. Described is the development of a monolithic and compact patch antenna with left-hand circular polarisation intended for the on-board unit equipment of a DSRC system. The 40×60×2.455 mm fabricated prototype exhibits a circularly-polarised gain of about 5.52 dBc with a cross-polar discrimination of about 20 dB.Introduction: Circularly-polarised waves have many advantages for short-range communication, as they can be used to reduce the interference due to reflections and allow a polarisation match independent of the antennas' angular orientation. In fact, the wireless communication standard known as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) [1], used for automotive applications like electronic toll collection, employs circularly-polarised antennas. The EN12253 standard [1] specifies the antenna requirements for the on-board unit (OBU) of a DSRC system. For the OBU a cross-polarisation discrimination (XPD) greater than 10 dB in boresight direction and greater than 6 dB within the −3 dB area are required, moreover a reduced size and a low cost are mandatory.In the literature there are several examples of circularly-polarised antennas in the 5.8 GHz range that satisfy the conditions stated in the standard, but these antennas are often not monolithic structures [2] and therefore they are not suitable for series production. On the other hand, simpler configurations (for Road Side Units where compactness is not mandatory) make use of antenna arrays and sequential rotation to meet the characteristics required by the standard [3]. In several applications, miniaturisation is a great advantage and there are several examples of small-size patch antennas at frequencies other than 5.8 GHz that are both monolithic [4] and suspended [5]. A 5.8 GHz DSRC-compliant antenna has been reported in [6], wherein, however, the proposed suspended-patch non-monolithic solution requires an ad-hoc feeding network with power divider and branch coupling lines resulting in the use of extra board area. To the best of our knowledge, a circularly-polarised, miniaturised and monolithic antenna compliant with the DSRC system has not been proposed so far: in [7] a monolithic linear polarisation antenna, with 3dB polarisation loss, is proposed and in [8] a DSRC patch antenna is designed (on a substrate with height h=3.2 mm and permittivity ε r =2.2), for a total height of 4.7 mm.In this Letter, we report on the development of a microstrip patch antenna suitable for integration on a circuit board. The antenna is realised in a monolithic configuration with a reduced total height and area.
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