The four-component instructional design model (4C/ID) has been increasingly used in faceto-face and online learning environments. We present a meta-analysis on the use and effect of educational programs developed with the 4C/ID model on performance, after more than 20 years of its application and research in different academic areas and technical training.We performed the meta-analysis through the combination of the effect sizes of the studies using Cohen's d. The combination of the studies suggests that the use of educational programs developed with 4C/ID has a high impact on performance (d = 0.79), regardless of the academic area, the design of the study and the outcome (knowledge and complex skills). The grade under study was a significant moderator on the effect, showing that the higher-education level is more suitable for application of the 4C/ID model. Our results suggest that the use of the 4C/ID model should be prioritized as instructional model in college and university learning environments.
This study was designed to investigate the effects of two instructional approaches (4C-ID versus conventional) on learners’ knowledge-acquisition and learning transfer of the electrical circuits content in Physics. Participants were 129 9th graders from a secondary school in Lisbon, M = 14.3 years, SD = 0.54. The participants were divided in two groups: an experimental group constituted three intact classes (n = 78); and a control group constituted two intact classes (n = 51). The experimental group was taught using a digital learning environment designed with the 4C-ID model principles while the control group learned the same contents through a conventional method. We assessed the students’ performance (knowledge-acquisition and transfer), the perceived cognitive load, and the instructional efficiency. Results indicated that the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group on a knowledge-acquisition test and in a learning transfer test. They also perceived a less cognitive load in the transfer test and the learning environment developed with the 4C-ID model proved to be more instructional efficient than the conventional method.
This paper reviews the primary advances in the Inter-American System of Human Rights in recent years in regard to the rights of indigenous populations. From a critical point of view, it sets out to decipher the most important jurisprudence and juridical grounds on which the Inter-American Court has based its latest decisions on territorial, economic, social and cultural rights of indigenous populations, as well as indigenous political rights and reparations for violations of their human rights. (Original in Spanish.)
KEYWORDSThe Inter-American System of Human Rights -Indigenous rights -Indigenous territoryEconomic, social and cultural rights -Political rights -Reparations. This paper is published under the creative commons license (attribution 2.5).
In this paper, readers are guided through the design and development of educational programs based on the 4C/ID model. This was illustrated via a practical example in Physics education, to teach the theme "Electrical circuits" to students of the 9th grade of compulsory education. In the article, the followed steps are described, from prototyping to development and implementation, to building two learning modules: electrical circuits' representations, and characteristics of series, and parallel circuits. Furthermore, the study was to present an educational innovation that represents the transition from traditional, fragmented and classroom-based learning to an integrated digital learning environment based on experimental tested instructional design principles, to instructional designers and teachers. To test the effect of the learning environment on the students' learning, an experimental group was established on which the learning environment was used and a control group on which the theme of electrical circuits was taught by resorting to the teacher's exposition and performing exercises in the student's book.
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