The concept of a coagulation cascade describes the biochemical interactions of the coagulation factors, but it is flawed as a model of the in vivo hemostatic process. Hemostasis requires both platelet and fibrin plug formation at the site of vessel injury and that the procoagulant substances activated in this process remain at the site of injury. This control of blood coagulation is accomplished as the procoagulant reactions only exist on specific cell surfaces to keep coagulation from spreading throughout the vascular system. A model of coagulation that better explains bleeding and thrombosis in vivo created after considering the critical role of cells. The cell-based model of hemostasis replaces the traditional "cascade" hypothesis, and proposes that coagulation takes place on different cell surfaces in four overlapping steps: initiation, amplification, propagation and termination. The cell-based model allows a more thorough understanding of how hemostasis works in vivo, and sheds light on the pathophysiological mechanism for certain coagulation disorder.

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Although neither apoE plasma levels, nor apoE polymorphism in patients presenting with mild/moderate or severe atheromatosis showed to be associated with CAD severity, the presence of atheromatosis in the heart vessels positively correlated with cognitive dysfunction.

After 3 months of oral HRT and in the absence of major genetic and acquired risk factors, women displayed a predisposition for activation of blood coagulation, and an increased activity of the fibrinolytic system. Oral HRT seemed to be more effective in predisposing haemostatic changes as compared to transdermal.

Hemostatic changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetes has acquired an epidemic character due to the large increase in the number of individuals affected over recent decades. Diabetes-related mortality is associated with thrombotic events, especially cardiovascular. In general, patients with diabetes present symptoms of hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis. However, the mechanisms that trigger hemostatic abnormalities in diabetic patients are not clear. The aim of this paper was to address the most frequent changes of the hemostatic system in diabetic patients described in the literature. Diabetics have abnormalities of the endothelium, platelets, clotting factors, natural anticoagulants and the fibrinolytic system; all these changes are directly and/or indirectly caused by hyperglycemia. Thus, analytes such as von Willebrand factor, factor VIII, fibrinogen and D-dimer are markers that should be interpreted differently in diabetic patients. Laboratory evidence of hemostatic abnormalities in diabetic patients supports clinical observations that diabetes is a state of hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis. Strategies for clinical intervention and medications are not well established considering the results of the hemostatic markers.