-This research aimed to point out the most suitable trichogrammatid strains to control the soybean looper Pseudoplusia includes Walker. Biological parameters and parasitism ratio of 11 Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, one Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner and one Trichogrammatoidea annulata De Santis strains reared on P. includens eggs were evaluated. Among all tested strains/species, T. pretiosum strain RV, collected in Rio Verde, GO, had the fastest development cycle and the highest percentage of parasitism of P. includens eggs. There was no difference in the parasitism and in the number of parasitoid emerged per egg among the tested parasitoid species and strains. Accordingly to the cluster analysis, T. pretiosum strain RV reared on P. includens eggs had the best performance. Considering the higher parasitism rate, shorter biological cycle, higher survival and sex ratio, T. pretiosum strain RV is the most appropriated to be used in fi eld releases aiming at P. includens control.

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

An. Soc. Entomol. Brasil 28(1): 49-57 (1999) Effects of Adult Nutrition and Humidity on the Fecundity of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)ABSTRACT -The effects of water, three carbohydrates (frutose, sucrose and glucose), and honey at two concentrations (5 and 10%) as adult food, and moisture content inside cages were studied on the egg laying capacity of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.). The sugarcane borer does not need carbohydrates as food source to reach higher egg laying capacity or increase egg hatchability, since no difference was observed when carbohydrate or honey-fed adults were compared with water-fed ones. Moisture on the egg laying paper (inside the adult cages) was essential for fecundity and longevity; females kept on dry conditions showed reduced adult longevity, egg laying capacity and egg cluster size. No egg hatch was obtained.KEY WORDS: Insecta, sugarcane borer, rearing techniques, biological control, water stress.RESUMO -Estudou-se o efeito de diferentes fontes de carboidratos (sacarose, glucose e frutose) e do mel de abelha em duas concentrações (5 e 10%), como alimento para adultos, bem como o efeito da água, oferecida como fonte de alimento ou fornecida através do umedecimento do papel de postura, na fecundidade de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.). A broca-da-cana não necessitou de carboidratos na alimentação, pois insetos alimentados apenas com água colocaram número de ovos igual ou superior aos insetos mantidos nos demais tratamentos, com longevidade superior e viabilidade de ovos equivalente. O ambiente úmido foi essencial, pois com água ou com simples umedecimento do papel que revestia internamente as gaiolas, ocorreu maior postura. No tratamento seco (sem água e sem umedecimento do papel de postura), não houve eclosão, sendo a postura, longevidade e tamanho das posturas drasticamente reduzidos.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Insecta, broca da cana-de-açúcar, técnicas de criação, controle biológico, estresse hídrico.A nutrição de adultos de insetos holometabólicos não é bem conhecida. De modo geral, para Lepidoptera, assim como para Diptera, considerava-se que água e carboidratos (em concentrações variáveis) eram suficientes para a obtenção de grande

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important pest of tomato in different parts of the world. Biological control of this pest on this crop has not been very successful. Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks) has been used commercially for the control of T. urticae on different crops, but no information has been published on its potential to control T. urticae on tomato. The objective of this work was to compare the performance of a Brazilian population of P. macropilis on tomato with its performance on other plant species, relating the observed variation to the respective types and densities of trichomes. It has been hypothesized that the presence of the webbing produced by T. urticae could help the predator to avoid contact with trichomes and consequently to improve its performance on tomato plants. This hypothesis was also evaluated. Phytoseiulus longipes Evans was included in the work as a control, given that it has been reported to be a promising predator of Tetranychus species on tomato. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions. It was found that the performance of P. macropilis was similar to that of P. longipes and that trichomes hampered the locomotion as well as prey consumption and oviposition rate of both predators; that the presence of webbing resulted in higher levels of prey consumption and of predator oviposition; and that the presence of webbing eliminated the negative effect of trichomes of eggplants and partially eliminated the negative effect of trichomes of the 'cerasiforme' tomato variety. The observed density of trichomes in 'Carmem' one of the most common tomato varieties grown in Brazil, seems not to have interfered significantly with the prey consumption and the oviposition rate of P. macropilis. The results suggest that the latter is a promising predator of T. urticae on tomato. Complementary studies are warranted, to further evaluate the potential of P. macropilis for use as a biological control agent of this pest.

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is the vector of the bacteria that causes citrus greening and is considered one of the world's most important citrus diseases. We examined how host, geographic region, and gender affect the thermal requirements of D. citri. The insects were reared in climatic chambers at constant temperatures of 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 30, and 32 +/- 1 degrees C, 70 +/- 10% RH, and a 14 h photophase. Host plants for D. citri included orange (Citrus sinensis [Rutaceae]) varieties Pêra and Natal, the rootstock, Rungpur lime (C. limonia [Rutaceae]) and the natural host, Orange jessamine (Murraya paniculata [Rutaceae]). To study the influence of geographic origin on thermal requirements, we studied D. citri populations from Piracicaba, SP (warmer region) and Itapetininga, SP (cooler region). The duration and survival of the development stages and the duration of the total development (egg-adult) did not differ significantly on the different hosts, but it did vary with temperature. Nymphs of D. citri created on the different hosts have the same thermal requirements. The thermal requirements for this species collected from the two climate regions were identical; males and females also had the same thermal requirements.

4Bolsista do CNPq/RHAE/ESALQ. RESUMO:O objetivo da pesquisa foi comparar o desenvolvimento biológico de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879), visando à produção de Trichogramma, em dietas contendo milho amarelo (híbrido comercial AG-l 06) em relação à dieta com milho branco, ambas suplementadas com levedura de cerveja. O trabalho foi conduzido a 25±2°C, fotofase de 14 horas e UR de 60±10%. Foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros biológicos: duração e viabilidade do ciclo (ovo-adulto), peso médio de adultos, número médio de ovos, porcentagem de adultos deformados, número médio de ovos por dia e duração e viabilidade dos ovos. Levando-se em consideração os parâmetros estudados, pôde-se concluir que a dieta à base de farinha de milho amarelo acrescida de 3% de levedura pode ser utilizada em criações massais de A. kuehniella. por ser de valor nutricional semelhante à dieta de milho branco, e pelo fato de não afetar os parâmetros biológicos observados. Descritores: Anagasta kuehniella, biologia, dietas artificiais COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL DIETS AND DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF MAIZE, FOR REARING Anagasta kuehniella (ZELLER, 1879) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)ABSTRACT: This work was carried out to compare the development of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879), for Trichogramma mass rearing production, with an artificial diet consisting of a hybrid commercial yellow maize and yeast, in relation to a diet containing white maize with very high lysine and tryptophan contents, added to yeast. The following parameters were evaluated: life cycle length, adult weights, fecundity, egg laying, adult malformations, and mortality at the different development stages. The laboratory conditions were temperature of 25±2°C, photophase of 14 hr and RH of 60 ± 10%. Based on these parameters, the diet consisting of commercial maize showed to be nutritionally suitable for A. kuehniella rearing and may replace the diet consisting of a very rich maize variety for mass rearing purposes.

Black spot, caused by Guignardia citricarpa, is one of the main diseases affecting citrus fruits. UV-C irradiation is known to have potential to be used as an alternative method to supplement or replace the use of fungicides, especially because it promotes resistance against pathogens. The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro effects of UV-C irradiation on G. citricarpa development and on the control of black spot in postharvest orange. Additionally, changes in skin color of the fruit as a result of UV-C treatment were evaluated. Mycelial growth, conidial germination and appressoria formation were evaluated in vitro after fungal exposure to different irradiation doses. Also, 'Valência' oranges naturally infected were submitted to different irradiation doses to check the possibility of in vivo control. Fruit were stored at 25ºC/80% RH and evaluated 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after treatment and area under the disease progress curve was calculated. UV-C irradiation affected conidial germination of G. citricarpa and apressorium formation. UV-C irradiation was not able to control citrus black spot on fruit at a satisfactory level; however, incidence of quiescent black spot lesions was lower on postharvest 'Valência' orange treated with 7.28 and 15.66 kJ m -2 . Low UV-C doses did not affect the visual aspect of fruit. Thus, UV-C irradiation can contribute for the reduction of postharvest losses caused by citrus black spot and reduce the use or doses of fungicides on disease control. Key words: Citrus sinensis, conidia, mycelium, peel color, physical control. RESUMOEfeito in vitro da irradiação UV-C sobre Guignardia citricarpa e no controle pós-colheita da pinta preta dos citros A pinta preta, causada por Guignardia citricarpa, é uma das principais doenças que afetam frutos cítricos. A irradiação UV-C tem potencial para ser utilizada como método alternativo para suplementar ou substituir o uso de fungicidas, especialmente por promover resistência contra patógenos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da irradiação UV-C sobre o desenvolvimento in vitro de G. citricarpa e no controle da pinta preta em laranja pós-colheita. Adicionalmente, foram avaliadas as alterações na cor da casca dos frutos. Crescimento micelial, germinação de conídios e formação de apressórios foram avaliados in vitro após a exposição do fungo a diferentes doses de irradiação. Frutos de laranja 'Valência' naturalmente infectados foram submetidos a diferentes doses de irradiação (0,52; 1,04; 3,13; 7,28; 15,66 e 31,20 kJ m -2 ) para verificar a possibilidade de controle in vivo. Os frutos foram armazenados a 25ºC/80% UR e avaliados 3, 7, 10 e 14 dias após o tratamento e a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença foi calculada. A exposição à UV-C afetou a germinação de conídios de G. citricarpa e a formação de apressórios. A irradiação com UV-C não foi capaz de controlar a pinta preta de maneira satisfatória; no entanto, a incidência de lesões de pinta preta quiescentes foi menor em laranjas 'Valência' tratadas em pós-colhei...

The objective of this research was, based on biological studies, to determine and adequate diet for rearing Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton, 1865) in the laboratory so as to permit the rearing of this factitious host for Trichogramma mass production. The research was conducted at 25 +/- 1 degrees C, RH 60 +/- 10% and photophase of 14 hours. Six artificial diets were compared: a) whole wheat flour (48.5%), ground rice (48.5%) and sugar (3%); b) ground rice (97%) and sugar (3%); c) whole wheat flour (48.5%), rice flour (48.5%) an sugar (3%); d) whole wheat flour (97%) and yeast (3%); e) wheat germ (97%) and yeast (3%); f) rice bran (94%), sugar (3%) and yeast (3%); f) rice bran (94%), sugar (3%) and yeast (3%). All of the diets studied permitted the development of C. cephalonica although the diets with wheat germ and yeast and that consisting of rice bran, sugar and yeast proved to be the most adequate for rearing the moth. These diets reduced the total (egg-adult) cycle, shortened the egg laying period, and produced heavier adults. Studies on the fertility life tables showed that higher net reproduction rates (Ro) and finite ratio of increase (lambda) were obtained from adults reared on these diets.