The efficacy of virus-specific T cells in clearing pathogens involves a fine balance between antiviral and inflammatory features. SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells in individuals who clear SARS-CoV-2 without symptoms could reveal nonpathological yet protective characteristics. We longitudinally studied SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells in a cohort of asymptomatic (n = 85) and symptomatic (n = 75) COVID-19 patients after seroconversion. We quantified T cells reactive to structural proteins (M, NP, and Spike) using ELISpot and cytokine secretion in whole blood. Frequencies of SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells were similar between asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals, but the former showed an increased IFN-γ and IL-2 production. This was associated with a proportional secretion of IL-10 and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) only in asymptomatic infection, while a disproportionate secretion of inflammatory cytokines was triggered by SARS-CoV-2–specific T cell activation in symptomatic individuals. Thus, asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2–infected individuals are not characterized by weak antiviral immunity; on the contrary, they mount a highly functional virus-specific cellular immune response.

The efficacy of virus-specific T cells in clearing pathogens involves a fine balance between their antiviral and inflammatory features. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in individuals who clear SARS-CoV-2 infection without symptoms or disease could reveal non-pathological yet protective characteristics. We therefore compared the quantity and function of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in a cohort of asymptomatic individuals (n=85) with that of symptomatic COVID-19 patients (n=76), at different time points after antibody seroconversion. We quantified T cells reactive to structural proteins (M, NP and Spike) using ELISpot assays, and measured the magnitude of cytokine secretion (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10) in whole blood following T cell activation with SARS-CoV-2 peptide pools as a functional readout. Frequencies of T cells specific for the different SARS-CoV-2 proteins in the early phases of recovery were similar between asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. However, we detected an increased IFN-γ and IL-2 production in asymptomatic compared to symptomatic individuals after activation of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in blood. This was associated with a proportional secretion of IL-10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β) only in asymptomatic infection, while a disproportionate secretion of inflammatory cytokines was triggered by SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell activation in symptomatic individuals. Thus, asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals are not characterized by a weak antiviral immunity; on the contrary, they mount a robust and highly functional virus-specific cellular immune response. Their ability to induce a proportionate production of IL-10 might help to reduce inflammatory events during viral clearance.

Drought characteristics are important in designing the program and measures for drought mitigation and they have been used extensively by various parties in many countries. In Malaysia, the information of drought conditions and identification of drought prone areas is very limited. This study seeked to determine the drought profiles of Peninsular Malaysia using the first order homogeneous Markov chain based on Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) of one-month time-scale. Monthly readings of rainfall data from 35 monitoring stations in Peninsular Malaysia for the period of 1970-2008 were used in the study. The procedure involved deriving the steady-state probabilities of drought events, the mean residence time for each drought category, the mean recurrence time of drought events and the mean first passage time. Analysis results showed that the longest moderate drought occurred mostly in the northwestern region of Peninsular Malaysia, while severe drought with low duration happened frequently in the middle region. The maximum duration of the severe drought condition is 2 months with majority of the severe drought areas requiring approximately 2 to 3 months to reach a non-drought condition. These results are likely to yield important insight on how to minimise the impacts of severe drought for agriculture and to avoid decadence of the water supply in areas with higher risk of severe drought. Such information would be beneficial to the agriculture planners and water resource management.Water Resour Manage

Positive economic growth indicates an increase in the economy of a country or region, whereas negative economic growth indicates a decline in the economy of a country or region. The indicator used to measure regional economic growth is the growth rate of Gross Regional Domestic Product at constant prices (real GDP). In increasing the economic growth of a region, not apart from the role of government in providing funds to finance regional economic development activities. Costs incurred for public service activities and development both economic and non-economic are often referred to as government expenditures. These government expenditures are allocated annually in the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget. Excavation of potential sources of income to support local expenditure and regional independence needs to be intensified, especially those originating from local revenue sources optimally will be able to contribute significantly to the improvement of Jambi Province's Regional Income and Expenditure Budget. The purpose of this study is to determine the financial capacity of regions derived from local revenue in supporting the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget, and to determine the rate of regional economic growth and analyze the influence of regional spending on economic growth in Jambi Province. This research was conducted in the scope of government of Jambi Province. The research method used qualitative descriptive method and linear regression analysis of econometric model of Ordinary Least Square method (OLS). The results show that during the period from 2010 to 2016, the financial capacity of regions originating from local own revenues has not been fully reliable in sustaining the Jambi Provincial Revenue and Expenditure Budget, as its contribution is still relatively low at an average of 34.13 percent per year . The economic growth of Jambi Province during the same period grew by 6.28 percent per year. Government expenditures significantly and positively affect the Economic Growth of Jambi Province. The conclusion is that an increased regional government spending will lead to increased economic growth of the region concerned.Keywords: Regional Finance, Government Expenditure, Economic Growth.

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We analyze publications from various health scientific journals, especially the Covid-19 vaccine program, which succeeded in answering this research problem. We want the Covid-19 vaccine program among citizens in terms of challenges and expectations. Our data retrieval efforts are carried out using electronic applications on data sources based on health publications related to the Covid-19 pandemic and national vaccination programs from Esavier, Google Book, Taylor&France, Sagepub, Google Scholar, and Researchgate. Furthermore, data analysis involves a system of data evaluation, coding, and interpretation before concluding. With secondary data, we report the results; this paper chooses a descriptive and qualitative analytical approach and literature study. All stages and systems of our research design followed the researcher's direction for a descriptive qualitative review so that we were assisted in reporting the results. We can summarize the results that the vaccine program has received publicly. However, due to the government's limitations so far, public understanding of the vaccine agenda still requires national support and participation, so this is a challenge and hope in completing the Covid-19 response agenda in Indonesia.

Aim. To explore the potential usefulness of the mean, standard deviation (SD), and coefficient of variation (CV = SD/mean) of oximeter oxygen saturations in the clinical care of preterm babies. Methods. This was an exploratory investigation involving 31 preterm babies at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. All babies were healthy, but two were considered to be clinically unstable and required greater attention. Each baby's oxygen saturations were recorded using an oximeter and summarized by the mean, SD, and CV. The potential usefulness of each measure was assessed by its ability to distinguish the two unstable babies from the others. This was achieved using box plots and hierarchical clustering together with the Calinski-Harabasz (CH) index to quantify clustering performance (higher CH index indicates stronger clustering outcome). Results. The box plots flagged both unstable babies as outliers and none of the other babies. Successful clustering of the stable and unstable babies was achieved using the CV (CH = 72.8) and SD (CH = 63.3) but not with the mean. Conclusion. Taking the box plots and clustering results together, it seems plausible that variability might be more effective than mean level for detecting instability in oxygen saturation in preterm babies and that the combination of variability and level through the CV might be even better.

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