Comparative International data on patterns of inequality in child welfare interventions, for example, the proportion of children about whom there are substantiated child protection (CP) concerns or who are in out-of-home care (CLA), are far less developed than data about inequalities in health. Few countries collect reliable, comprehensive information and definitions, methods of data collection and analysis are rarely consistent. The four UK countries (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) provide a potential 'natural experiment' for comparing intervention patterns. This study reports on a large quantitative, descriptive study focusing on children in contact with children's services on a single date in 2015. It found that children's chances of receiving a child protection intervention was primarily related to family socio-economic circumstances, measured by neighbourhood deprivation, within all four countries and in every local area. There was a strong social gradient which was significantly steeper in some countries than others. Ethnicity was another important factor underlying inequalities. While inequalities in patterns of intervention between the four countries were considerable, they did not mirror relative levels of deprivation in the child population. Inequalities in intervention rates result from a combination of demand and supply factors. The level and extent of inequity raise profound ethical, economic and practical challenges to those involved in child protection, the wider society and the state.
This article presents findings from a comparative study of sources of educational disadvantage of immigrant children across 18 OECD countries, which is based the data from the 2006 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). The findings show that disadvantaged family background and lack of host-country-specific cultural capital account for a large part of the attainment gap between immigrants and their non-migrant peers. The findings also show that school characteristics in terms of their size, quality of teachers and educational resources contribute to the understanding of the further part of the immigrant performance gap. Moreover, school characteristics mediate between the immigrant students' family characteristics and their attainment, by reinforcing or diminishing the impact of the family characteristics. Furthermore, the institutional characteristics of immigration countries, such as type of education provision, type of welfare provision and type of immigration policy, also play a part in producing and maintaining educational disadvantage of immigrant pupils, by affecting the attainment level and mediating between the individual-and schoollevel characteristics and pupils' attainment. It was found that the first generation of immigrant children perform particularly well in countries with a liberal type of welfare regime, more standardised educational systems and more selective immigration policies; there was also some evidence that institutional factors shape educational attainment of the second generation of immigrant children in a way which more closely resembles that of the children from non-immigrant backgrounds -the former perform better in countries with a more inclusive (social-democratic) type of welfare provision, but also in countries with less differentiated and more standardised educational systems.
This study explores the role of family migration in the life course of couples. We ask whether internal migration and residential mobility for contemporary dual-earner couples has negative consequences for the stability of their partnership and investigate whether any negative changes in partners' employment characteristics following family migration are associated with higher risks of dissolution of their unions. We use the British Household Panel Survey, which provides nationally representative data on households and couples, over the period of 18 years and has a wide range of potentially important prospective and retrospective information on households and individuals.We undertake a duration analysis of union dissolution by modelling the hazard of union dissolution. The findings show that union stability is affected by spatial movesgeographically mobile couples are at higher risk of union dissolution. Long-distance internal migration and frequent moves increase the risk, whereas short-distance residential moves are associated with greater union stability. Overall, we found that the negative effect of family migration on union stability is relatively small and decreases over the time. Similarly, positive effects that some types of family migration might have on union stability also tend to decrease over the time. We found that the risk of union dissolution is better explained by partners' socio-demographic characteristics (age and level of education), and by the characteristics of their union such as its type and duration. Union stability is also associated with the employment and occupational characteristics of both partners, as well as with changes in these characteristics. Negative changes in occupational position or employment status of either partner, but especially of the male partner, increase the risk of union dissolution. However, the effect of changes in the employment characteristics of each partner on the union stability is relatively small and tend to disappear over the time. We found some evidence that the impact of the negative changes in employment characteristics of geographically mobile couples postmigration on the stability of their union is mediated by the gender of the partner who experienced these changes. Negative changes in the employment status of the male partner postmigration slightly increase the risk of union dissolution, whereas negative changes in female partner's employment postmigration slightly decrease that risk. We found that the risk to the union's stability is highest immediatelyThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
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