About 80% of the population of contemporary Russia are Russians. The remaining 20% are members of more than 180 other nationalities. In spite of processes of ethnic assimilation throughout Russian history, many ethnic groups retain their cultural identities. Cultural diversity in contemporary Russian society is determined by the historically rooted structure of ethnic and cultural space, and recent international and interregional migration. Although there is in general no relationship in Russia between ethnic heterogeneity and regional economic growth and convergence, there is an association between migration-induced diversity and growth, and there are regionally differentiated impacts of diversity on productivity. Regional spending on education is inversely related to ethnic heterogeneity. Differences between these results and the results of comparable studies of rich countries are considered.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of public investment programs on the socio-economic development of territories. As a case, the federal target programs for the development of regions and investment programs of the financial development institution — Vnesheconombank, designed to solve the problems of regional development are considered. The impact of the public interventions were evaluated by the “difference in differences” method using Bayesian modeling. The results of the evaluation suggest the positive impact of federal target programs on the total factor productivity of regions and on innovation; and that regional investment programs of Vnesheconombank are improving the export activity. All of the investments considered are likely to have contributed to the reduction of unemployment, but their implementation has been accompanied by an increase in social inequality.
The research objective is to identify the main types of large and very large Russian cities taking into account the features of their structure and economic results. The object of study is Russian cities that are the administrative centers of regions and autonomous okrugs of the Russian Federation, as well as Russian cities with a population over 100000 people. The study used statistical data on the employment structure of eco nomic sectors of cities. To construct the typology, the cluster analysis method was used, based on the results of the principal component analysis. The study showed that the most significant factors affecting the employ ment structure of Russian cities do not depend on human activity: these are the availability of minerals and geographical position, followed by development of the manufacturing sector and agglomerative effects. Detailed analysis of the factors and results of socioeconomic development of cities makes it possible to sys temically approach the construction of their typology during the post Soviet period, which so far remains absent in the scientific literature.
The article is dedicated to the problems of justifying public investment in projects aimed at Russian cultural heritage preservation. The case study considered in the article is the project "Preservation and Development of Small Historic Towns and Settlements" (Project). The preparation of this Project involved evaluation of its economic net present value. The results of the evaluation were used to justify the feasibility of public funding of the Project. Performing an economic cost-benefit analysis required conducting surveys of different target groups of potential users of the Project's results regarding their willingness to pay for the proposed improvements. The surveys were conducted using contingent valuation methods in two historic towns: Rostov and Chistopol. The article discusses the methodological aspects of evaluating the efficiency of public investment in Russia and other countries and presents the results of the conducted surveys and the performed calculations of the Project efficiency indicators. The calculations show that the Project is justified at the federal level from the society's perspective, as it has a positive economic net present value and an economic internal rate of return that exceeds the social discount rate.
Аннотация. В исследовании совокупность российских городов условно разделена по численности населения на две группы-«большие» и «малые» города-и проводится сравнительный анализ данных групп по широкому набору переменных. Основная гипотеза исследования связана с интуитивным предположением о диспаритете, который может быть виден не только через объективные показатели социально-экономического развития, но и на субъективных оценках социальных условий жителями данных групп городов. Компенсация данного диспаритета требует не только эффективных местных стратегий в «малых» городах, но и действенных мер государственной политики, обоснование которых должно опираться на положения экономической теории и результаты эмпирических исследований. В качестве исходных данных исследования выступили данные статистического портала «Мультистат» и данные четвертого и восьмого раундов Европейского социального обследования (ESS4 и ESS8) по России. Анализ опросов выявил различия и региональную вариацию субъективных оценок и ценностных ориентаций населения, а также статистически значимые различия отношения жителей «малых» и «больших» городов к роли государства в решении проблем социального неравенства и социальной защиты. Население «малых» городов в России активнее поддерживает концепцию государства всеобщего благосостояния.
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