Preparation for oxidative stress (POS) is a widespread adaptive response to harsh environmental conditions, whose hallmark is the upregulation of antioxidants. In contrast to controlled laboratory settings, animals are exposed to multiple abiotic stressors under natural field conditions. Still, the interplay between different environmental factors in modulating redox metabolism in natural settings remains largely unexplored. Here, we aim to shed light on this topic by assessing changes in redox metabolism in the mussel Brachidontes solisianus naturally exposed to a tidal cycle. We compared the redox biochemical response of mussels under six different natural conditions in the field along two consecutive days. These conditions differ in terms of chronology, immersion/emersion, and solar radiation, but not in terms of temperature. Animals were collected after being exposed to air early morning (7:30), immersed during late morning and afternoon (8:45–15:30), and then exposed to air again late afternoon towards evening (17:45–21:25), in two days. Whole body homogenates were used to measure the activity of antioxidant (catalase, glutathione transferase and glutathione reductase) and metabolic (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase) enzymes, reduced (GSH) and disulfide (GSSG) glutathione levels, and oxidative stress markers (protein carbonyl and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Air and water temperature remained stable between 22.5 °C and 26 °C during both days. Global solar radiation (GSR) greatly differed between days, with a cumulative GSR of 15,381 kJ/m2 for day 1 and 5,489 kJ/m2 for day 2, whose peaks were 2,240 kJ/m2/h at 14:00 on day 1 and 952 kJ/m2/h at 12:00 on day 2. Compared with animals underwater, emersion during early morning did not elicit any alteration in redox biomarkers in both days. Air exposure for 4 h in the late afternoon towards evening caused oxidative damage to proteins and lipids and elicited GSH synthesis in animals that had been previously exposed to high GSR during the day. In the following day, when GSR was much lower, exposure to air under the same conditions (duration, time, and temperature) had no effect on any redox biomarker. These findings suggest that air exposure under low-intensity solar radiation is not sufficient to trigger POS in B. solisianus in its natural habitat. Thus, natural UV radiation is possibly a key environmental factor that combined to air exposure induces the POS-response to the stressful event of tidal variation in this coastal species.
RESUMO Processos participativos são fundamentais para o êxito de projetos de turismo de base comunitária realizados com comunidades habitantes em unidades de conservação. Os processos formais e legalmente institucionalizados muitas vezes são insuficientes para gerar inclusão e participação social de fato, uma vez que podem deixar escapar questões importantes das complexas relações existentes nesses contextos. Com base na experiência de dois projetos – um na Reserva Extrativista do Rio Unini (AM), e outro na Floresta Nacional do Amapá (AP), buscou-se refletir sobre a importância do diálogo como alicerce na emersão de processos participativos nos projetos realizados com comunidades. O artigo tece uma síntese conceitual de turismo de base comunitária. Além disso, são apresentados os atores sociais do diálogo: as comunidades tradicionais, as organizações não governamentais e as instituições representativas do Estado. Indica-se a necessidade de inovação conceitual e prática no que se refere aos processos ditos participativos realizados com comunidades no campo das unidades de conservação. A metodologia dos projetos consistiu em pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevistas-diálogo, visitas de campo e oficinas. Dialogue and participatory processes in tourism projects with communities in Protected Areas of the Brazilian Amazon ABSTRACT Real participatory processes are fundamental to the success of community-based tourism projects conducted in protected areas. Formal and legally institutionalized processes are insufficient to create the genuine inclusion and participation that they propose, for they miss subtle details of the complex and important relations existent in these contexts. Based on the experience of two projects - one in the Extractive Reserve of River Unini, Amazonas state, and another in the National Forest of Amapá, Amapá state – this research sought to analyze the importance of dialogue as the foundation for the emergence of real participatory process projects with traditional communities. This work briefly synthesizes the concepts of community-based tourism. It also presents the dialogue among the social actors: traditional communities, non-governmental organizations and institutions representing the State. Final thoughts include the need for conceptual innovation and practice with regard to the so-called participatory processes that are recommended when dealing with traditional communities in relation to protected areas, along with possible practical guidance. The methodologies of those projects consisted in bibliography research, dialogue-interview, fieldworks and workshops. KEYWORS: Dialogue; Participation; Traditional Communities; Tourism and Protected Areas.
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