Summary Тhе use of pins in restoration of large cavities with esthetic resin materials appear in the dental literature after 1970 and there are less than 20 publications, focused around restorations of class IV cavities. The aim of the present study is to test the role of pins in the fracture resistance in class IV restorations with resin materials. Materials and methods: 68 matured human upper and lower sound front teeth are included in the study. The groups are upper incisors, lower incisors, canines with or without pins. All cavities are filled with the same resin material, technology and Prime bond NT. Termocycling: 30 days in 30ºС, 100% humidity, 60 days in 100% humidity 2Х12 hours at 35ºС and 40ºС and 100 dry cycles, 20 seconds each in the following order - 45ºС ± 3ºС, room temperature, 5ºС, room temperature, two series, 50 each with two days between in Cultura incubator of Viva Dent 55ºС and ice. Machine for vertical load testing ZD 10/90, load in Newtons (N), from 20 N to 1275 N, speed 0.5 mm/ min, displacement from 0.1 to 1.2 mm. Type of fractures observed: adhesive, cohesive in dentine and in resin material, mixed. Results: The highest proportion of fractures observed was in front teeth with large cavities and with pins, low loading (493-503N). Front teeth with large cavities without pins have better resistance and lower proportion of fractures (488-526N). Canines are more resistible with pins and less without. Lowest resistance is found in lower front teeth when pins are present. Conclusion: In class IV restorations when tissue loses are less than 2/3 of the incisal ridge pins can decrease the fracture resistance of the teeth.

Neonatal screening for inborn errors of immunity (IEI), based on quantification of T-cell-receptor- excision circles (TRECs) and kappa-deleting recombination-excision circles (KRECs) from dried blood spots (DBS), allows early diagnosis and improved outcomes for the affected children. Determination of TREC/KREC levels from prospectively collected newborns’ Guthrie cards and from DBS samples of patients with confirmed IEI was done using a commercial kit. Retrospective assessment of flow cytometry evaluation of TREC/KREC correspondence with lymphocyte subpopulations and evaluation of the correlations between TREC and KREC with immune cells, based on the data from patients with suspected or confirmed immune disorders, were conducted. 2,228 Guthrie cards were tested, 1276 for TREC only and 952 for both TREC and KREC. Eight newborns (0.36%) were TREC positive and 10 (1.05%) had KREC below the cut-off. The re-testing rate was 1.88%. Retrospective analysis demonstrated that the TREC/KREC assay identifies 100% of severe combined immune deficiencies (SCID) cases when DBS were collected at birth. Correlation analysis showed moderate significant correlations between TREC and the absolute numbers of CD4 cells (r = 0.634, p < 0.01) and total T cells (r = 0.536, p < 0.01). The ability of KREC levels to predict abnormal absolute (AUC of 0.772) and relative (AUC 0.731) levels of B cells was demonstrated.

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The main focus of the article is the „La Liga Santander” sports brand. The author examines how this particular brand takes the form of a performance in TV (sports channels), and how it achieves this through Experience economy. The text analyzes various instances of TV channels that display what their brand history and traditions are, and how the brand has earned people’s loyalty.