This paper is focused on development of the metal monolithic structure for total oxidation of toluene at low temperature. The well-adhered catalyst, based on the mixed oxides of manganese and nickel, is washcoated on the Al/AlO plates as metallic support. For the comparison purposes, results observed for the manganese-nickel mixed oxide supported on the metallic monolith are compared with those obtained using powder type of the same catalyst. Prepared manganese-nickel mixed oxides in both configurations show remarkable low-temperature activity for the toluene oxidation. The reaction temperature T corresponding to 50% of the toluene conversion is observed at temperatures of ca. 400-430 K for the powder catalyst and at ca. 450-490 K for the monolith configuration. The appropriate mathematical models, such as one-dimensional (1D) pseudo-homogeneous model of the fixed bed reactor and the 1D heterogeneous model of the metal monolith reactor, are applied to describe and compare catalytic performances of both reactors. Validation of the applied models is performed by comparing experimental data with theoretical predictions. The obtained results confirmed that the reaction over the monolithic structure is kinetically controlled, while in the case of the powder catalyst the reaction rate is influenced by the intraphase diffusion.
Ceria nanocrystals were prepared hydrothermally and tested as potential catalysts for oxidation of volatile organic compounds using toluene as a model compound. Pure ceria with a crystallite size of 4 nm, determined by the Scherrer method from XRD pattern has been obtained. The specific surface area of the prepared nanoparticles determined by BET analysis yielded 201 m 2 g -1, while the band gap of 3.2 eV was estimated from DRS spectrum via Tauc's plot. Catalytic tests were performed on calcined ceria (500 °C) with increased crystallite size (9 nm) caused by thermal treatment. The tests showed good activities for the toluene oxidation with T 50 temperatures, corresponding to 50 % toluene conversion, observed at 250 °C and even lower temperatures depending on the total flow rate of the gas mixture. The one-dimensional pseudo-homogeneous model of the fixed bed reactor was proposed to describe the reactor performance and the appropriate kinetic parameters were estimated. Good agreement between experimental data and the proposed model was observed.
Heterogeneous photocatalysis has recently
attracted an increasing interest of scientists and experts who deal with the
waste water and air treatment. An important area of application is removal of
persistent organic pollutants, which can not be easily destroyed by
conventional methods. Among these pollutants are neonicotinoid insecticides,
which are widely used all over the world and currently are included in the
watch list of substances of the European Commission within the Water Framework
Directive. Therefore, there is a need to study their influence on the
environment and to develop appropriate technologies for their removal. In this
work, the photolytic and photocatalytic degradation of neonicotinoid
insecticide imidacloprid in an annular photoreactor with recirculation under
different working conditions (irradiation source, pH, type and concentration of
the catalyst) was studied. The photolytic degradation was examined using lamps
that emit UVA, UVC and simulated sun light. The photocatalytic experiments in
the suspension involved the use of commercial titanium dioxide (TiO2
P25, Degussa/Evonik), commercial TiO2 P25 pre-treated with UVC
irradiation prior to use in the catalytic system and nitrogen-doped TiO2 (CCR 200 N produced by Cinkarna
Celje). The catalysts were characterized using XRD, UV/Vis-DRS and BET
analysis. The most efficient photocatalyst was then immobilized on the glass
woving fibre, using peroxotitanic acid (produced by Cinkarna Celje) as a
binder. The degree of degradation of imidacloprid was determined using high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). According to the obtained results,
UVC-treated TiO2 showed the best efficiency among the examined
catalysts in the slurry reactor while using lamp that simulates the sun
irradiation. The imidacloprid degradation rate increases with the increase in
the catalyst concentration. The immobilized UVC-treated catalyst gave
satisfying results in terms of stability, activity and reuse.
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