Rashes and skin lesions are a common reason for patient visits to emergency departments and physicians' offices. The differential diagnosis includes a variety of infectious and non-infectious diseases, some of which can be life-threatening. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the quantity and type of skin lesions among outpatients and inpatients at a tertiary care university-affiliated teaching hospital for infectious diseases over a three-year period to assess disease burden and physicians’ experience in diagnosing skin lesions. Diagnoses (by ICD-10 codes) were classified into three groups: infectious diseases that include skin lesions, non-infectious skin lesions and undiagnosed skin lesions. During the observed period, out of the total of 142,416 outpatients, 14.8% presented with some form of skin lesion. Among them, 68% had skin lesions inherent to infectious disease, 10.8% suffered from non-infectious skin lesions and 21.2% remained with undiagnosed skin lesions. The most common infectious diagnoses were chickenpox, herpes zoster and unspecified viral infections characterized by skin and mucous membrane lesions. The most common non-infectious diagnoses were urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Overall, the most common individual diagnosis (ICD-10 code) was “nonspecific skin eruption” (n = 4448, 21.1%), which was followed by chickenpox and herpes zoster. Among the 17,401 patients hospitalized over the observed period, 13.1% had skin lesion as the main reason for hospitalization, almost all (97.5%) of which were infectious in etiology. The most common diagnoses were cellulitis, erysipelas and herpes zoster. The presented data suggest that the burden of diseases presenting with skin lesions is significant in everyday infectious disease practice, but the overwhelming number of undiagnosed patients implies the need for further education in this area.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widely disseminated herpesvirus for which antibodies have been demonstrated in over 90% of adults worldwide. After subclinical primary EBV infections, as well as after infectious mononucleosis, the virus can be shed in saliva for a prolonged period of time. Diseases and disorders that can induce EBV salivary shedding include mental disorders and sex, connective tissue disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, malaria and HIV infection. As the occurrence of EBV in saliva during acute infectious diseases has not been systematically researched so far, this pilot cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the possible relationship between acute infectious diseases and salivary shedding of EBV. A total of 40 patients with acute infectious diseases was enrolled, along with 41 adults free of acute infections. Peripheral venous blood samples for serodiagnosis and saliva samples for EBV PCR testing were collected from both groups. The most common acute infectious disease was COVID-19 pneumonia, followed by haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Crude proportions of people with positive serological test results and those with saliva viral shedding were similar in the two groups. The presented preliminary data does not indicate acute infectious conditions as a marked “contributor” in increasing salivary EBV shedding.
Rekurentne infekcije mokraćnog sustava odnose se na pojavu tri ili više epizoda u godinu dana ili dvije ili više epizoda unutar šest mjeseci, a koje su dokazane urinokulturom.Česte su u žena svih dobnih skupina, te tako oko 60% žena ima barem jednu epizodu cistitisa tijekom života, a procjenjuje se da će 20-40% žena koje su imale jednu epizodu cistitisa, vjerojatno imati još jednu, od kojih će 25-50% imati rekurentne infekcije. Predispozicijski čimbenici jednaki su kao i za pojedinačne epizode, a ponešto se razlikuju u žena generativne dobi od onih u menopauzi. Glavni predispozicijski čimbenik u mladih žena je spolni odnos, a u postmenopauzi nedostatak estrogena. Nakon provedene terapije indiciran je neki oblik antimikrobne, a potom i neantimikrobne profilakse, te prenosimo smjernice za liječenje i profilaksu. U Ambulanti za urogenitalne infekcije Klinike za infektivne bolesti "Dr. Fran Mihaljević", Zagreb, u razdoblju od 1.10.2021. do 30.9.2022. bilo je 996 pregleda, a radi rekurentnih infekcija mokraćnog sustava bilo je pregledano 275 žena kroz 503 pregleda. Njih 87,3% imalo je barem jedan predispozicijski čimbenik, od kojih su najčešći bili peri- i postmenopauza, te inkontinencija mokraće. Antimikrobnu je profilaksu primalo 93,1% bolesnica, najčešće u trajanju od 6 mjeseci (31,3%) i to nitrofurantoinom (72,3%), fosfomicinom (11,7%), te sulfametoksazol/trimetoprimom (9%). Neantimikrobnu je profilaksu uzimalo 26,5% žena, najčešće D-manozu (91,8%). Dokazani recidiv za vrijeme ili nakon profilakse imalo je 16,7% žena, a u njih 32,6% uzročnik je bio isti kao i tijekom primarne infekcije. S obzirom na učestalost rekurentnih infekcija mokraćnoga sustava, važno je ispravno postavljanje dijagnoze, te indikacije za antimikrobnu profilaksu, kako bi se poboljšala kvaliteta života bolesnica. No, s obzirom na rastuću rezistenciju mikroorganizama na antibiotike, treba biti racionalan u njihovoj primjeni u profilaktičke svrhe. Stoga su izbor bolesnica za profilaksu i njihovo praćenje ključni. Za ispravno postupanje u svakodnevnom kliničkom radu potrebno je uvijek pratiti najnovije smjernice stručnih društava.
Candida spp. dio je normalne mikrobiote gastrointestinalnog i urogenitalnog trakta ljudi, no u određenim uvjetima može uzrokovati infekcije - mukokutane ili diseminirane. Najčešći uzročnik je Candida albicans. Vulvovaginalna kandidijaza najčešći je oblik sluzničke kandidijaze, a njena pojava češća je uz stanja povišene razine estrogena te upotrebe antibiotika, kortikosteroida, kao i kod bolesnica oboljelih od dijabetesa ili HIV-a. Infekcijom može biti zahvaćen mokraćni mjehur, ali i bubrezi, najčešće ascendentno iz donjeg dijela mokraćnog sustava. U razdoblju od 1.1.2018. do 31.12.2019. u Mikrobiološkom laboratoriju Klinike za infektivne bolesti „Dr. Fran Mihaljević“ analizirano je 51.144 uzoraka iz urogenitalnog trakta od kojih je 17.949 (35,1%) bilo pozitivno. Od pozitivnih izolata, 1.001 izolat bila je kandida (5,6%). Kako je pojava raznih vrsta kandida u uzorcima iz urogenitalnog trakta česta, cilj ovog rada je prikazati kliničke manifestacije kandidijaze, indikacije za liječenje kao i odabir antifungika. Kandidijaza urogenitalnog trakta važan je dio svakodnevnog kliničkog rada i u hospitaliziranih i u ambulantnih bolesnika, a pažljiva interpretacija nalaza preglednog urina, urinokulture te simptoma bolesti, ako su prisutni, ključni su za razlikovanje kolonizacije od infekcije.
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