The study objective was to determine whether multispectral high spatial resolution airborne imagery could be used to segregate zones in Pinot noir vineyards to target highest quality fruit for premium winemaking. We hypothesized that remotely sensed data would be correlated with vine size and leaf water potential (ψ), and by extension with yield and berry composition. In 2008-2009, multispectral (blue, green, red, near-infrared) airborne images were acquired from four Ontario Pinot noir vineyards (four dates, 2008; three, 2009), with the final flight date near veraison. A process was developed to extract information from sentinel vine locations, and to calculate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Data were extracted at 1 × 1, 3 × 3, and 5 × 5 pixel re-sampling rates to test for ideal image resolution. A method was developed to mask non-vine pixels to simplify qualitative assessment of images. The 3 × 3 pixel re-sampling provided most useful information. Masked images proved effective for viewing spatial trends in airborne images without full data extraction. Qualitative similarities existed between maps of vineyard and grape composition variables vs. maps of extracted data and masked images. Remote sensing may be useful to determine colour or phenolic potential of grapes, in addition to vine water status, yield, and vine size. This study was unique by employing remote sensing in cover-cropped vineyards and thereafter using protocols for excluding spectral reflectance contributed by inter-row vegetation.Key words: grapevine water relations, soil moisture, leaf water potential, vine vigour, anthocyanins.Résumé : L'étude devait établir si on peut se servir d'images aériennes multispectrales à haute résolution spatiale pour différencier des zones dans les vignobles de Pinot noir et identifier celles portant les fruits de la plus grande qualité en vue de la fabrication de vins plus fins. L'hypothèse de départ était que les données captées par télédétec-tion pourraient être corrélées à la taille de la vigne et au potentiel hydrique (ψ) des feuilles, donc, par extension, au rendement et à la composition du fruit. En 2008-2009, les auteurs ont acquis des images aériennes multispectrales (bleu, vert, rouge, proche infrarouge) de quatre vignobles de Pinot noir ontariens (quatre dates en 2008 et trois en 2009), le vol final coïncidant presque avec la véraison. Ils ont ensuite mis au point un procédé pour extraire les données de l'emplacement des vignes sentinelles et calculer l'indice de végétation par différence normalisée (IVDN). Les données ont été extraites aux taux de rééchantillonnage de 1 × 1, 3 × 3 et 5 × 5 pixels en vue d'établir la résolu-tion idéale. Une technique a été développée pour masquer les pixels qui ne correspondaient pas aux vignes afin de simplifier l'évaluation qualitative des images. Le taux de rééchantillonnage de 3 × 3 pixels fournit les données les plus utiles. En 2008, l'IVDN établi après rééchantillonnage de 3 × 3 pixels était corrélé (valeur R; p < 0,0001) avec le pH des...
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim:</strong> The purpose of this study was to determine if multispectral high spatial resolution airborne imagery could be used to segregate zones in vineyards to target fruit of highest quality for premium winemaking. We hypothesized that remotely sensed data would correlate with vine size and leaf water potential (ψ), as well as with yield and berry composition.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results:</strong> Hypotheses were tested in a 10-ha Riesling vineyard [Thirty Bench Winemakers, Beamsville (Ontario)]. The vineyard was delineated using GPS and 519 vines were geo-referenced. Six sub-blocks were delineated for study. Four were identified based on vine canopy size (low, high) with remote sensing in 2005. Airborne images were collected with a four-band digital camera every 3-4 weeks over 3 seasons (2007-2009). Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values (NDVI-red, green) and greenness ratio were calculated from the images. Single-leaf reflectance spectra were collected to compare vegetation indices (VIs) obtained from ground-based and airborne remote-sensing data. Soil moisture, leaf ψ, yield components, vine size, and fruit composition were also measured. Strong positive correlations were observed between VIs and vine size throughout the growing season. Vines with higher VIs during average to dry years had enhanced fruit maturity (higher °Brix and lower titratable acidity). Berry monoterpenes always had the same relationship with remote sensing variables regardless of weather conditions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Remote sensing images can assist in delineating vineyard zones where fruit will be of different maturity levels, or will have different concentrations of aroma compounds. Those zones could be considered as sub-blocks and processed separately to make wines that reflect those terroir differences. Strongest relationships between remotely sensed VIs and berry composition variables occurred when images were taken around veraison.</p><strong>Significance and impact of the study:</strong> Remote sensing may be effective to quantify spatial variation in grape flavour potential within vineyards, in addition to characteristics such as water status, yield, and vine size. This study was unique by employing remote sensing in cover-cropped vineyards and using protocols for excluding spectral reflectance contributed by inter-row vegetation.
Water has often been the source of crises and their frequency will intensify due to climate change impacts. The Niagara River Watershed provides an ideal case to study water crises as it is an international transboundary system (Canada-United States) and has both historical and current challenges associated with water quantity and quality, which resonates broadly in water basins throughout the world. The aim of this study was to understand how stakeholders perceive ecosystems and the relationship with preferences for governance approaches in the context of water governance. An online survey instrument was employed to assess perceptions of the system in terms of resilience (engineering, ecological, social-ecological, or epistemic), preferences for governance approaches (state, citizen, market, and hybrid forms), and the most pressing issues in the watershed. Responses showed that, despite demographic differences and adherence to different resilience perspectives, support was strongest for governance approaches that focused on state or state-citizen hybrid forms. The validity of the resilience typology as a grouping variable is discussed. The roles of institutional constraints, pragmatism in governance approach preferences, and the influence of multiple crises are explored in relation to the context of the study site, as well as to water governance scholarship more broadly.
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