Emphysematous gastritis associated with gram-negative sepsis is described in a leukemic child on chemotherapy and steroids. Bubbly-appearing air and thickening of the gastric wall were radiographically demonstrated. This is analogous to the demonstration of air within the thickened bowel wall in necrotizing enterocolitis, which is not unusual in seriously ill leukemic children. Gastric involvement has not been previously reported.

A retrospective analysis of 46 histologically proven cases of neuroblastoma is presented. The over‐all 2‐year survival was 46%. All except 1 of the 21 patients surviving 2 years were continuously free of clinical and laboratory evidence of neuroblastoma. The patients treated before 1967 were treated with partial or complete surgical excision, if feasible, and low‐dose postoperative radiation therapy with or without actinomycin‐D or cyclophosphamide chemotherapy. In this group of 27 patients, 9 survived a 2‐year period without recurrence, with a median survival of 11 months. All patients after 1967 received chemotherapy utilizing vincristine sulfate and cyclophosphamide. The patients in this group with early stage disease also had partial or complete surgical excision followed by adjunctive postoperative high‐energy radiation therapy employing higher dosages. Among the 19 patients in this latter treatment group, 12 survived 2 years, with a median survival of 36 months. The age of the patient and the site and stage of the primary neuroblastoma influenced their prognosis. Although the number of patients surviving 2 years appeared increased with more aggressive therapy, the difference in survival between the two groups may be due to other factors, such as a different patient age and primary tumor site distribution at the time of diagnosis and treatment.

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Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women. Prognosis of breast cancer is often pessimistic because the tumors are prone to metastasizing to the bone, brain, and lung. The estrogen signaling receptor (ESR) pathway contains 39 main genes and proteins which makes it one of the larger signaling pathways. Predominately this pathway and the proteins within are involved in breast growth and development, making it a prospective area of study for breast cancer. While the healthy ESR pathway has been constructed and is well established, a mechanistic model of mutated genes of ESR pathway has not been delved upon. Such mutated models could be utilized for selecting combinational targets for drug therapies, as well as elucidating crosstalk between other pathways and feedback mechanisms. To construct the mutated models of the ESR pathway it is imperative to assess what is currently understood in the literature and what inconsistencies exist in order to resolve them. Without this information, a model of the ESR pathway will be unreliable and likely unproductive. This review is the detailed literature survey of the biological studies performed on ESR pathways genes, and their respective roles in breast cancer. Furthermore, the details mentioned in the review can be beneficial for the integrated study of the ESR pathway genes, which includes, structural and dynamics study of the genes products, to have a holistic understanding of the cancer mechanism.