Advance Directives are under-utilized, both from the fact that few Americans have them and that health professionals don't always rely on Advance Directives provided by patients. Many health professionals have philosophical objections to their use. Using a fictitious case as background, five different objections to the use of Advance Directives will be discussed and arguments against those objections will be posed along with suggestions to improve Advance Directives.
The fog climatology of the Sacramento, California, urbaii area is examined through hourly meteorological records from four Sacramento area airports for the six winter fog seasons .11 is hypothesized that winterfogs are more frequent over cities than the surrounding countryside. An assessment of moderate to dense fog (visibility W mile I1 kml or less) reveals that the urban environment does not experience more fogs. When the definition of fog is expanded to include light fogs with visibility less than 7 miles (11.3 km), a greater frequency of fogs is found within the city. The light fogs probably result from urban air pollution and therefore are not true fogs. lt is concluded that the urban environment does not enhance fog occurrence. Key Words: fog, urban climatology, urban fog. PHILIP W. SUCKLING (Ph.D,, British Columbia, 1977) is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. His research interests include climatic variability, solar radiation studies, applied climatology, and urban climatology. MARTIN D. MITCHELL (M.A., Georgia, 1986) is currently employed as a planner for Contra Costa County, California. His research interests include natural hazards and their impacts on the landscape.Procedures for soil suitability classification by small farmers of southwestern Nigeria are examined. Data were collected through interviews with 225 farmers at group and individual levels. The survey relied on the farmers' perception of some observable soil properties in the field. Soil properties included texture, color, organic matter, drainage condition of soil, and bulk density. The farmers determine soil types year round, irrespective of season, unlike the Hanunoo system. While soil types were identified by their texture and color characteristics, suitability classes were defined principally by texture. Eighteen soil types and four sod classes were identified for soil suitability classification projects designed for small farmers. The reliability and viability of the results of this study need to be verified through on-farm experiments.
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