Workers at a bank and a medical center provided 195 critical incident descriptions of effective and ineffective listening. Individual elements were identified and sorted into 38 categories which describe listening in the two work environments.Results indicate that listening is described in organizational settings as an interrelated set of concepts including attentiveness, verbal behavior, nonverbal behavior, attitudes, memory, and behavioral responses. This concept of listening differs from the classroom-oriented and counseling-oriented concepts of listening which dominate much research and training.

Experiments by the multiple choice method of brightness discrimination in chicks. The author's interpretation of his findings favors the Gestalt hypothesis rather than Thorndike's "laws" on the ground that his chicks showed "sudden learning" (i.e., rapid drops in the curves), initial delay in attack on the problem (characterized by the writer as "states of indecision," "surveying the situation" and "evident choice-behavior."

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