The proatlantal intersegmental artery maintains the posterior circulation until the vertebral arteries are fully developed between the seventh and eighth gestational weeks. When this artery fails to obliterate, it becomes persistent one. The proatlantal intersegmental artery, most commonly, is an incidental finding or it may be of clinical significance in some patients.
The application of "histochemical" staining procedures has been substantially replaced by immunostaining of specific molecular tissue components. The limited range of colors resulting from routine immunohistochemistry, however, can limit assessment of the general microscopic tissue organization. Consequently we have adapted a polychromatic histochemical counterstaining procedure based on Movat's pentachrome staining sequence for use with immunohistochemical procedures. The value of Movat's original method when applied as an immunohistochemical counterstain is limited by its use of iron hematoxylin and by fact that the resulting color combination is difficult to distinguish from the colors of routine immunohistochemical staining. Our variant pentachrome stains the same tissue components as Movat's stain; however, owing to a modification of the acid fuchsin staining step, it provides a strong color contrast with the reaction product resulting from immunostaining using diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Multicolor counterstaining for immunohistochemistry offers a new approach to tissue analysis, especially when stromal-epithelial relations of normal and neoplastic tissues are considered.
Marked hyperplasia of EC cells within the PJ polyps may be the most important contributor to functional disorders in patients with the PJ syndrome.
SU M M A RYPeutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare genetic disorder with autosomal-dominant pleiotropic inheritance, variable penetrance and characteristic signs of the disease that predisposes persons to increased risk of developing cancer, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract and the breast. Due to genetic nature of disease, in the familial Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, a multiplication of symptoms in the three-generation family members was established. This paper represents an insight into the anamnesis of PJS in one family over thirty-seven years of follow-up, and is part of the broader study of this disorder. Article presents family history, clinical and histological findings and multiplication of symptoms of PJS across three generations.Over thirty-seven years, PJS has been present in this family in the form of only mucocutaneous pigmentation but without clinically manifested signs (father), or with both melanine hyperpigmentation and gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyposis (his daughter and her son).The symptoms rose suspicion of the existence of PJS complication, i.e. carcinoid-like syndrome with watery diarrheas accompanied by constipations in the affected mother and son who were surgically treated. Diagnosis of PJS was histopathologically confirmed in both cases: the presence of the polyps with hamartomatous pattern and conspicuous hyperplasia of chromogranin-positive (EC and L cells) and serotoninpositive (EC) cells. Malignant transformation of PJ-removed polyps was not found. Besides hamartoma, polyps as well as a tubular adenoma were found, with a low degree dysplasia without malignant transformation (son).The authors discuss the findings in relation to the important role of the gastrointestinal endocrine cell hyperplasia, not only for better understanding of the growth and clinical symptoms of the PJ polyposis, but also for new approach and the possible application of anti-hormonal therapy in the treatment of these patients in the future, that is not currently in use.
In the absence of systematized data on the extracellular matrix components during prenatal liver development, the present study aimed to investigate the time of appearance and distribution of collagen types I, III, and IV and laminin. The study material included embryonic and fetal livers, aged 7–37 weeks, categorized into 3 trimesters. The material was stained using hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry methods for the identification of collagen I, III, and IV and laminin. Collagen I was detected near the end of the first trimester in the capsules and walls of interlobular veins. As the liver matures, collagen I is increasingly abundant in the capsules, portal area connective tissues, arterial walls, interlobular veins, sinusoids, and central veins. Collagen III and collagen IV appear in the middle of the first trimester in the capsules, portal areas, and walls of central veins, as well as the sinusoids particularly. In trimesters 2 and 3, these collagens are increasingly present in all the structures, but collagen IV is also present in nerve fibers. Laminin is sporadically present adjacent to the sinusoids in trimester 1, while in trimesters 2 and 3 this protein commonly appears in the walls of arteries and interlobular veins, in the basal membrane of bile ducts, and in nerve fibers. The contents of collagen I, III, and IV increase during prenatal development in the liver capsule, arterial and vein walls, sinusoids, and portal area. Laminin expression is consistent with that of the collagens with the exception that, within lobules, laminin disappears with liver maturation.
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