In order to examine the consumers' attitude towards eggs, 239 respondents in the area of the City of Belgrade were surveyed, and the assessment of the quality of eggs on the Belgrade market was done by examining the quality of eggs in super/hypermarkets. In the survey, consumers expressed their views about the place of purchase of eggs, the criteria for purchasing and the significance of certain quality traits/properties. In the egg quality test eggs of class A were used, and it was done on egg samples from 5 super/hypermarkets, from a total of 10 egg manufacturers. Based on the results of the study, it was found that most egg consumers buy in super/hypermarkets (39.62%), that the brand/manufacturer was not important for 30.37% of the respondents, that they prefered to buy larger eggs (SS, S and A classes). The quality of eggs is very important for 73.28% of subjects, and the colour of the yolk prefered by the respondents was extremely yellow (62.76%). The supply of table eggs on the market was different (from 1 to 5 manufacturers) per retail store. The quality of eggs, observed for all super/hypermarkets and all manufacturers, expressed in Haugh units, decreased with the shelf life of eggs. The quality of eggs from category 1 to 10 days, in all super/hypermarkets, observed for all manufacturers, was within the studied class A, with egg weight ranging from 60.9 to 64.1g, egg shell colour from 3.6 to 4.2, egg cleaniness 4.4 to 5.0, the colour of the yolk (Roche) from 10.9 to 13.2, and the number of Haugh units from 73.2 to 91.7. The results of the research indicate that consumers in the City of Belgrade are placing importance on the quality of table eggs, that there are differences in the supply and freshness of the eggs between the markets, and that there are differences in the quality within the same market, regardless of the manufacturer.
In order to examine the attitude of egg consumers about the poultry welfare and their willingness to spend more money to buy eggs produced in accordance with animal welfare principles, 529 consumers were surveyed in three regions of Serbia (Belgrade, region of Sumadija and Western Serbia and South and Eastern Serbia region). Through the survey questionnaire, consumers have stated how important the welfare of laying hens is to them and if they are willing to spend more money on eggs produced acording to principles of animal welfare. The answers of the surveyed consumers were analyzed by gender, age, education, number of children in the family and the environment in which they live. According to the results of the survey, it can be concluded that in Serbia, poultry welfare is moderately important to 28.17% of egg consumers and very important to 50.77% of consumers, while not at all or little to 21.13%, and that there are differences between individual regions. The willingness to pay more for eggs produced according to welfare principles was expressed by 78.53% of consumers, on average for all three regions. The analysis of data within the category of consumers for which the poultry welfare is very important, revealed that 54.15% are women and 44.02% are men, and that the welfare is more important for consumers with higher education (52.66%) compared to middle school (47.67%), also, for consumers in the 35-55 age group (55.60%) compared to younger and older respondents and those with three or more children in the family (52.94%) compared to families with fewer children. The survey results indicate that consumers in Serbia attribute more importance to the welfare of laying hens, and show their willingness to pay more for eggs produced in compliance with the welfare principles. In the coming period, the education focusing on the increase of consumer awareness of the importance of the welfare of laying hens and the connection with the quality of the product will be necessary. [Projects of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR-31033 and Grant no. III 46012]
To investigate consumers' attitudes towards a balanced diet and eggs as foodstuff, 509 consumers have been surveyed. Through this survey, the consumers answered questions about the importance of a balanced diet, importance of having eggs in diet, the most common way of egg consumption, benefits and drawbacks of eating eggs. The responses were analysed by gender, age, occupation, education and place of living of the respondents (city of Belgrade, other cities and other populated places). Based on these results, it can be concluded that most of the respondents (79% males and 87% females) think a balanced diet is important, whereas 41% males and 52% females think it is very important. Moreover, most of the respondents find it important to have eggs in diet, and males and females do not differ in their responses (69%). The most common way of cooking and consuming eggs is frying, according to 68% male and 50% female respondents from all the places (60% from Belgrade, 55% from other cities and 62% from other populated places). As a benefit of eating eggs, the most frequent response is "nutritive value" (43% respondents), whereas, the most frequent drawback is "a risk of cholesterol" (19% respondents). Hence, one should pay particular attention to education on the importance of diet, at the level of the whole community. RezimeU cilju ispitivanja stavova potrošača o značaju uravnotežene ishrane i jajima kao namirnici anketirano je 509 potrošača, na području Republike Srbije.
Apple pomace (AP) is the main by-product of apple juice production. Large amounts of this material disposed into landfills can cause serious environmental problems. One of the solutions is to utilise AP as animal feed. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of dried AP inclusion into model mixtures made from conventional feedstuffs on pellet quality and pellet press performance. Three model mixtures, with different ratios of maize, sunflower meal and AP, were pelleted. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied when designing the experiment. The simultaneous and interactive effects of apple pomace share (APS) in the mixtures, die thickness (DT) of the pellet press and initial moisture content of the mixtures (M), on pellet quality and production parameters were investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and standard score (SS) analysis were applied for comprehensive analysis of the experimental data. The increase in APS led to an improvement of pellet quality parameters: pellet durability index (PDI), hardness (H) and proportion of fines in pellets. The increase in DT and M resulted in pellet quality improvement. The increase in DT and APS resulted in higher energy consumption of the pellet press. APS was the most influential variable for PDI and H calculation, while APS and DT were the most influential variables in the calculation of pellet press energy consumption. PCA showed that the first two principal components could be considered sufficient for data representation. In conclusion, addition of dried AP to feed model mixtures significantly improved the quality of the pellets.
The effect of storage on quality and condition of grain of three wheat cultivars (Ljiljana, Dragana and Simonida) selected in Serbia, was studied. Freshly harvested wheat was stored at 25?C for 12 and 20 months. Decreasing of the volume from 812.3 to 727.7 kgm-3 and absolute mass from 38.5 to 33.0% of wheat grain during storage was recorded. Grain germination in interaction of storage duration and temperature remained at the level above 95%. The interaction of studied factors exhibited no statistically significant effect on the changes in the degree of germination of wheat grain. The changes of the acid degree value (2.0- 2.4 ml 1(NaO)/100 g) were at the level of statistical significance. pH value of fresh samples of grain was 6.5 and after 20 months 5.5. The samples tested from the aspect of their glassiness were homogenous, the value of the coefficient of variation for storage duration was CV<10%, and for genotypes CV<18%. The storage duration of wheat grain mostly contributed to the increase of the acid degree value, and slightly less the genotype, as well as the interaction of these factors. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR 31066]
The aim of the survey was to determine how the egg production sector is complying with animal welfare legislation, which requires a ban on conventional cages and the transition to permitted systems for rearing laying hens - enriched cages and alternative systems, as well as the attitudes of egg producers and consumers on the impact of permitted systems of egg production/purchase and hen welfare. The survey included producers (50), with 1000 and more hens, where in the sample, the percentage share of producers was according to the capacity - the size of the farm, i.e. similar to the share in the total egg production in Serbia. A consumer survey (261) established their views on the impact of the welfare of layers and the rearing system when buying eggs. According to the test results, it can be stated that: when switching to permitted rearing systems, enriched cages were the choice of all surveyed producers (100%) and that in the transition period from 2014 to autumn 2020, 16.3% of respondents switched from conventional cages to enriched ones (2.04% in full and 14.29% in part). According to the results obtained, 80.49% of them are planning to switch from a conventional cage system to another rearing system, of which 60.98% said they would do so if they had the financial means, while about 19% of producers believe they will be forced to leave production. All producers expect that the transition to enriched cages will lead to a reduction in their production, and 83.33% of them believe that it will be from 20 to 40%. Surveyed producers (87.18%) expect that the transition from conventional cages will increase production costs, and 65.11% believe that this will not affect the welfare of layers. A survey of consumer attitudes found that when buying eggs, the production system was very important for 19.91% of consumers, and for 19.41% of consumers it was not important at all, while the welfare of layers was very important for 26.84% and not at all important for 10.32% of consumers. The conclusion of the research is that in Serbia the transition to permitted rearing systems is slow, that harmonization with legal regulations is a great challenge and that changes are expected in the coming period that may have far-reaching consequences for the sector of table egg production.
There has been worldwide an increasing interest and more strict criteria for food/feed safety including absence or reduction of the total number of microorganisms (bacteria, moulds and yeasts). Besides heavy metals, materials of biological origin (plant extracts, bio waste, chitosan etc.), some mineral adsorbents also have antimicrobial properties. There is much information about the antibacterial activity of the modified bentonite, montmoriollonite, smectute, zeolites and antifungal activity of various metal ion-exchanged zeolites and natural mineral clay, but there is almost no information about the antimicrobial properties of pyrophyllite, a monoclinic mineral from the group of phyllosilicates. This work summarizes the recent developments of antimicrobial agents and their application, current research, and trends in the area, highlighting pyrophyllite and its potential applications. Pyrophyllite, an unexploited mineral, possesses antimicrobial properties such as antibacterial and antifungal activities against foodborne pathogens which contributes to the protection of consumer?s health and preservation of the environment. Results from preliminary investigations indicate that pyrophyllite showed antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and antifungal properties against fungal pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum, Phoma glomerata and Rhizoctonia solani). This mineral can also be used for biological control of F. oxysporum in the soil for growing potato.
The importance of NIR technology in the animal food industry is presented in this study. As the example of the calibration procedure of NIR devices a calibration model for 14 samples of soybean cake was designed. Samples were previously analyzed in the standard laboratory testing of the moisture content, content of crude proteins, crude fats and crude fibre. In this calibration procedure high determination coefficients - R2 were established for these parameters of the nutritional value of food (0.9783 for moisture, 0.9904 for crude proteins, 0.9872 for crude fats and 0.9351 for crude fibre). The comparison of values obtained by using standard laboratory methods with values obtained by NIR technology/method indicates that by using NIR devices it is possible to obtain highly reliable results, and therefore it can be used successfully in facilities for production of animal food in the control of the quality and projection of mixtures.
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