Several in vitro biotechnological techniques have been developed, all of which require a reliable protocol to produce a responsive callus mass. One of these techniques is callus fusion in vitro, which is reliable for the early detection of (in)-compatibility of scions and rootstocks. In this paper, the possibility to obtain friable callus tissues was explored by callus induction of adult tissues of Japanese flowering cherry trees from the group Sato zakura (Prunus serrulata 'Amanogawa', 'Kanzan' and 'Kiku-shidare-zakura') and two domestic cherry rootstocks -Prunus avium and Prunus 'Colt'. The explants used in the research were: leaf petiole, leaf base with a part of a petiole, part of lamina with a midvein and a stem with an axillary bud. Among three plant growth media (MS, SH and WP) that were used in this study, the MS proved to be the most favourable for the majority of taxa during the callus induction process. For the sweet cherry tree and the cultivars 'Kanzan' and 'Colt', the SH plant growth medium was also acceptable. The best results in callogenesis were obtained for the majority of taxons with auxin at the concentration 2 mgL . It is also possible to use 2.4-D at the same concentration as a substitute for the genotypes Prunus avium, Prunus 'Colt' and Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan', whereas IBA proved to be an inappropriate auxin for callus induction. The protocol described herein is proved to be efficient callus induction in a range of taxa of genus Prunus.
INTRODUCTION Many plant communities and their diversity are widely influenced and threatened by invasive plants. Once they are in a new environment, some of the non-native plants have the ability to alter the conditions of ecosystems and thus encourage their competition in relation to other native plants. Some invasive species have biochemicals that may give them an advantage over the native ones, which are facing novel biochemicals (1). Allelochemicals found in different parts of invasive plants (stems, leaves, roots, rhizomes, flowers, pollen and seeds) can have a negative impact on other species. The impacts can be direct, when allelochemicals present in the exudates inhibit germination and seedling development and hinder the formation of stable populations, or indirect, when these substances affect soil organisms (2). Some invasive plants produce allelochemicals that influence various primary and secondary physiological processes in the native species and soil microorganisms, thereby affecting biodiversity (3).There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of allelochemicals in invasion success. Ridenour and Callaway (4) (5) found that some individuals of the native species that had survived C. maculosa invasion and were cloned and grown from seeds showed greater resistance to C. maculosa allelochemicals than conspecific individuals that had never experienced invasion. The authors suggested that it is possible that native plants are capable of adapting to the impacts of new allelochemicals. The leaf aqueous extract of some invasive plants reduced the germination and seedling growth of test species in a laboratory bioassay (8, 9, 10). Several studies have documented that invasive plant allelochemicals can affect mycorrhizae of native plants (6, 7) and the activity of pathogenic organisms in the soil (11).Despite the large number of studies investigating plant allelopathy, little research has been conducted under natural conditions since it is difficult to separate the impact of allelopathic substances from others influences. Laboratory bioassays are widely used to asses potential impacts of allelopathic compounds. Biological tests carried out in laboratory conditions allow researchers to eliminate other alternative interferences through the controlled condition in which the research takes place (12).Plant habitats and communities along the river are one of the most vulnerable habitats to invasion (13). Aster lanceolatus Willd. is one of the most invasive plants in Serbia along river banks and on the forest edge in wet habitats (14). However, mechanisms that allow A. lanceolatus to be so competitive and to become dominant in riverine plant communities are not clear. Several potentially allelopathic compounds have been identified in A. lanceolatus tissues (15) and it is possible that those substances could contribute to the rapid spread of this species. The objective of this research is to determine the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of fresh and dry biomass of Aster lanceolatus Wi...
The aim of this study was to prove that under in vitro conditions, the adhesiveness of the callus between rootstock and scion, the development of callus cells at the points of fusion, and the presence of phenolic components are closely related to the level of (in) compatibility of the grafting combinations between Sato-zakura cherry cultivars (‘Amanogawa’, ‘Kanzan’, and ‘Kiku-shidare-zakura’) and commercial rootstocks. Prunus avium, Prunus ‘Colt’, Prunus mahaleb and Prunus serrulata were used as compatible and Prunus serotina and Pyrus communis ‘Pyrodwarf’ were used as two potentially incompatible rootstocks. The results indicated the significant manifestations of the early signs of the incompatibility on the callus junction. Phenols, as well as tissue senescence, were very precisely localized by toluidine blue and alcian blue as well as safranin staining, which can indicate the early signs of the callus incompatibility in some grafting unions. In the callus unions of Prunus avium with ‘Amanogawa’ and ‘Kiku-shidare-zakura’ the results of chemical analyses indicated that the existence of several flavonols, flavones and phenol acids could be involved in the incompatibility process in grafted combination. The detection of flavonol astragalin in the unions can be a biomarker of compatibility between scion and the rootstock, while some polyphenols, such as neochlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, baicalein, naringenin, apigenin and luteolin can be used as the indicators of graft incompatibility. p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid could be used for detection of delayed incompatibility.
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