During recent decades the importance of ecosystems management services and maintenance have became paramount. We have proposed and implemented the technology of mycocenosis regulation of the rhizosphere of walnut nursery plants. Biotechnology involves inoculation before planting the roots of tree plants with the mycorrhizal drug Mikovital, which contains strains of the fungus Tuber melanosporum VS 1223 and the ascomycete Vitasergia svidasoma. Also it was applied in the combination with Florabacillin, which contains live cells of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The introduction of the mycorrhizal remedy into the rhizosphere of the walnut contributed to the change of such ecological characteristics of mycocenoses as the length and biomass of the fungal mycelium and the number of spores. To increase the efficiency of mycorrhization, an immobilization medium biochar with fungi and bacteria was used (Mikovital + Florabacillin + biochar). After use of this soil improvement complex in the rhizosphere of plants, the length of fungal mycelium increased by 8-10 times, and biomass by 5-7 times, in comparison with the rhizosphere of walnut on the control plot. Based on the dominance indices we had seen a signifficant increase in species diversity, which confirms the positive effect of immobilization of fungal cells and bacteria on the biochar. Optimum concentrations of 0.2% biochar additive to the Mikovital. It also have reduced the number of pathogens in the rhizobiome of the treated plants. The created harmoniously functioning ecosystem of the nut nursery as the result of above experiments will provide further self-regulation of this local natural ecosystem, as evidenced by the development of plants, their appearance and growth, as well as previous studies in the hazelnut garden. Mechanisms for bioregulation of soil and plant ecosystems have effectively included the use of man-made technology to stimulate natural mechanisms.
The number and species composition of micromycetes in different types of soils with different degree of degradation in perennial plantations of Malus Mill., Juglans regia L., Corylus avellana L., Prunus domestica L., Pyrus communis L., Rubus idaeus L., Fragaria vesca L. were analyzed. The research was carried out during 2012–2022 years in enterprises of different types of ownership located at the area of the Lviv, Volyn, Vinnytsia, Drinpropetrovsk, Kharkiv and Kherson Oblasts. The obtained results confirmed the differentiation in the number of micromycetes based on the type of soil and the degree of degradation. The smallest number and species composition of mycobiota were found in slightly and severely degraded soils. In total, among the studied samples of different types of soils, 109 species of micromycetes belonging to 25 genera of two divisions Zygomycota and Ascomycota were differentiated and identified, including 14 species (almost 13%) which are pathogenic or producers of mycotoxins and present biohazard. In most cases these species were found in moderately degraded, ordinary chernozem with a low content of humus and its frequency of occurrence was 29.5–48.5%. Among 13 pathogenic species of micromycetes, in moderately degraded ordinary chernozem with a low content of humus, four species non-typical for garden agnocenoses were detected: (A. flavus Link (frequence of occurence 32.5%), A. parasiticus Speare (34.8%), A. pseudotamari Bennet and Klich (37.3%), Claviceps purpurea (Fr.)Tul. (29.5%)). In slightly degraded sod-podzolic soil, three pathogenic species Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr, Paecilomyces lilacinum (Thom) Samson, P. verrucosum Dierckx var. Cyclopium (Westling) Samson, Stolk, Hadlok were identified, and their frequency of occurrence was 35.7–45.2%. In non-degraded soils, 93 species of micromycetes were found, including four pathogens (Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr, Paecilomyces lilacinum (Thom) Samson, P. verrucosum Dierckx var. cyclopium (Westling) Samson, Stolk, Hadlok, P. expansum Lk), and their frequency of occurrence was 27.5–40.7%.
The article presents the results of monitoring the soil mycobiota of sulfur quarries in LvivRegion. The dynamics of soil micromycete complexes as a result of their adaptation to the conditions of technozems, embryozems and zonal soils of sulfur quarries was studied. The increase in the number of colony-forming units (CFU) in the studied soils of the Yavoriv and Podorozhnie sulfur quarries over the years is specified, which indicates the active processes of decomposition of plant remains, the formation of stable processes of decomposition of cellulose and other complex compounds in the detrital block of the ecosystem. The change in the frequency of banding of selected species of micromycetes over the years was studied, depending on the content of SO 4 -2 in the soil solution. The functional structure of soil micromycete communities after sulfur extraction was established. A decrease in the frequency of occurrence of pathogens and toxin-producing agents and an increase in the frequency of occurrence of species that actively participate in the transformation of organic remains, and also act as plant endophytes and participants in mycorrhizal symbiosis were recorded. The species composition of micromycetes that grew in the presence of SO 4 -2 content in the soil solution, which exceeded the background level from 3.6% to 50%, was determined, the species-bioindicators of soil pollution with sulfur compounds were defined -Fusarium oxysporum,
Endophyte, new species of yeast fungus, which belongs to the genera Debariomycetaceae Vitasergia svidasoma Oliferchuk PRJNA807518 was isolated from the fruiting body of Tuber melanosporum VS1223 (IMB F-100106). The preparation Mykovital was created on its basis. The possibility of regulation of soil fertility was established through the influence on the “bacteria-fungus-plant” system by stimulation of mycorrhizal formation. By the introduction of seedlings and saplings of trees and shrubs of endophyte species in rhysosphere applying the preparation Mykovital at the different types of devastated soils. Environmental efficiency of biological recultivation of devastated lands is determined during the cultivation of forest crops, which is proved by their biological sustainability and morphological indicators. The research shows the possibility to systematize microorganisms according to the strategies of their survival in ecosystems in such a way, that besides К, r, and L strategists it is necessary to introduce another notion about another group of microorganisms in ecology and soil microbiology—endophytes which are proposed to be named as V-strategies. These are fungi endophytes that are capable to restore and stimulate mycorrhizal symbiosis in the “bacteria-fungus-plant” system and function as provision of “heterotrophic” nutrition of plants on the Earth. Based on the research, a conceptual model of recultivation of devastated lands was proposed and priority of soil ecosystem support services was established.
У статті наведено результати досліджень метагеному ґрунту розсадника горіхоплідних культур, де проводили обробку рослин дріжджовим грибом родини Debariomycetaceae Vitasergia svidasoma VS 1223 (IMB F-100106), який є діючим агентом препарату «Міковітал». За використання методики ампліконового секвенування 16S рРНК та ITS2 вивчено склад та структуру бактеріального та міцеліального угруповання у зразках досліджуваного ґрунту без обробки препаратом. Були отримані операційні таксономічні одиниці (OTU) шляхом кластеризації з ідентичністю 97% на ефективних тегах зразків, які були ідентифіковані. Для відображення складу мікроорганізмів та інформації про їх кількість та видове різноманіття у зразках було створено інтерактивну веб сторінку Heatmap із представленням таксономічних анотацій, що відповідають OTU. Результати свідчать, що основні функціональні гени бактерій у ґрунтах розсадника належать до трьох основних відділів Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes. Відділ Proteobacteria був широко представлений у необробленому препаратом «Міковітал» ґрунті через рід Echerichia, представники якого становили понад 87%. Після обробки видом Vitasergia svidasoma VS 1223 (IMB F-100106) їх кількість знизилась до 7%. У ризосферному мікробіомі горіха волоського виявлено 20 філумів бактерій, що нараховують 83 роди та 6 філумів грибів, які нараховують 100 родів грибів, а також некласифіковані послідовності, відносна частка яких у мікробіомі становила 3,04–7,86%. Аналіз таксономічної структури мікробіому на рівні філумів показав, що абсолютними домінантами були бактерії – 38,7–100%. Серед грибів відділ Ascomycota (41,01–93,17%), є абсолютним домінантом у обох екотопах. Крім того є представники відділів Basidiomycota (2,82–6,40%) та Monerelomycota (0,82–0,41%). У відділі Ascomycota, який містить найбільшу кількість мікоризоутворюючих грибів, збільшується їх представництво після застосування препарату «Міковітал», натомість зменшується кількість мікроміцетів-патогенів, токсиноутворювачів, збудників гнилей. Виявлено, що більш різноманітним став ризосферний мікробіом ґрунту за умов інокуляції рослин видом Vitasergia svidasoma VS 1223 (IMB F-100106).
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