The impact of microgrid applications expands with the increasing share of renewable energy resources in the energy supply and the progressing electrification of the transport sector. The additional energy demand of electric vehicles (EVs) may cause increased peak loads, leading to growing burdens on the power system. In this regard, microgrids allow to cover the energy demand of EVs utilizing local renewable energy resources and a battery storage system, thereby lowering the utilization of the power system. This article discusses a self-consumption operational strategy for a real-world microgrid at the EUREF-Campus in Berlin, Germany. A rule-based control algorithm for the sustainable energy supply of EV charging stations is implemented and validated. Measurements are recorded with high resolution over three years from 2017 to 2019. The performance of the microgrid operation is assessed with regards to three distinct key indicators: Self-consumption, autarky, and emission rate. The influence of selected operating parameters under real-world and ideal operating conditions are investigated. The results indicate that self-consumption and autarky rates are sensitive to the rated power capacity of a battery storage system rather than to its rated energy capacity. Moreover, the reduction of emissions through battery deployment for EV charging amounts up to 37 % under ideal operating conditions. This underlines the potential of the microgrid concept for the sustainable application of EVs in urban areas.
Product development practices have become an essential element for organisational competitiveness and success of the enterprises' innovation. Manufacturers and researchers need to work together and therefore focus on improving effectiveness to develop products at lower costs, with newer technology and more customer-focused. Research Campus Mobility2Grid as a large public-private research project has thus developed a methodology that specifically addresses this problem of product development and exploitation of research results. The methodology refers to different levels of abstraction. It comprises as main elements a crosssectional work package in the superordinate project structure and distribution of work packages among the participating organizations (i.e. universities, research institutes, industry), the foundation of a dedicated spin-off, and innovation workshops for product development. This paper aims to explore how different types of ideas and projects are evaluated and selected in the context of the development of complex technological products. The implementation was accompanied by a qualitative research approach, workshops and observations that have been carried out with the cooperation of different companies. These elements of the methodology will enhance decision-making before finalizing market-ready products. A case example from the living lab of the European Energy Forum (EUREF) Campus in Berlin is presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed methodology. In the Research Campus Mobility2Grid companies from the energy and mobility sector as well as research institutes were participating. A spin-off was founded for the purpose to support the success of product development as well as the management of the project activities on one mutual campus. The result of this paper presents useful guidelines for research and development projects to support effective methodological ap-proaches and efficient assessment dimensions in related decision-making.
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