During the period May-August 2010, researchers of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center in Vicksburg, MS, tested the effectiveness of various devices to determine the dry density, or modulus, of soils for horizontal construction. These tests were conducted to determine a usable alternative to the soil nuclear density gauge. The accuracy and precision of the different testing devices were compared to the density values obtained from the soil nuclear density gauge. The devices and techniques that were tested are grouped into four broad families: nuclear, electrical, volume replacement, and modulus-based. The nuclear device was the nuclear density gauge that was included for comparison purposes. Electrical devices that were tested were the electrical density gauge, the moisture + density indicator, and the soil density gauge. Volume replacement densitydetermining techniques; were the sand cone, the steel shot, and the water balloon tests. Modulus-based devices were two different lightweight deflectometers, a dynamic cone penetrometer, the Clegg Hammer, and the GeoGauge. This investigation consisted of full-scale construction of seven soils representing a range of materials encountered in operational construction activities. Soils ranged from fine-grained silts and clays to coarsegrained gravels and crushed limestone. The test results indicated that the soil density gauge corrected with a sand cone density measurement, demonstrated the optimal combination of precision and accuracy compared to the nuclear density gauge. Results of the tests are presented and include (a) comparisons of the dry densities of the various devices to the reported dry densities of the nuclear gauge, (b) ranking of the density devices according to agreement with the nuclear density gauge, and (c) field results of modulus-based devices. Results will be used to provide further guidance for selection of appropriate devices for field determination of soil density. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.
The results from accelerated pavement testing on warm-mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures designed for airfield pavements are presented. Three WMA mixtures and one hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture produced in an asphalt plant were evaluated under simulated heavy aircraft traffic. The evaluation was conducted at extreme traffic conditions, including heavy aircraft loading, high tire pressure, and high pavement temperature. Pavement structural response and rutting were evaluated to assess the susceptibility to permanent deformation of WMA mixtures compared with that of HMA produced with the same aggregate blend. Test results indicated that WMA was a viable product for surface mixtures on airfield pavements.
This paper presents the results of tests of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures designed for airfield pavements. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase included laboratory tests on 11 WMA technologies. The tests in Phase 2 were performed on three WMA mixtures and one hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture produced in an asphalt plant. The evaluation included performance tests to assess WMA susceptibility to permanent deformation and moisture damage compared with that of HMA produced with the same aggregate blend. Test results indicated that WMA potentially was a viable product for surface mixtures on airfield pavements. Although WMA exhibited poorer performance than HMA in moisture damage tests on laboratory-produced specimens, the plant-produced mix indicated little difference compared with HMA. Rutting potential for WMA was somewhat greater than for HMA for mixtures produced both in the laboratory and in an asphalt plant according to asphalt pavement analyzer and Hamburg wheel tracking tests. Differences in performance of WMA mixtures were not attributed to a specific WMA technology category. Variations in performance test results between laboratory-produced specimens and plant-produced specimens were noted and indicated a need to require performance testing as part of a comprehensive quality assurance plan.
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