Fire safety is an important feature of healthy internal environment. If a fire breaks out, the interior of fire compartments within the building is exposed to very high temperatures and further phenomena accompanying the burning process. All of them impact the boundaries of the compartment structures, including the structures that are located inside them. Some structures serve the load bearing function hand in hand with fire barriers, some are only fire barriers. As to the dramatic increase of temperature, its impact upon the opposite surface of the fire separating structure should be considered, in particular regarding the behavior of the load bearing elements and their stability. This is topical at the present day, since the conventional construction materials are seen to give way to wooden sandwich structures that are preferred especially for their thermal insulation properties, low weight, small thickness and speediness of construction. The article uses dynamic simulation to illustrate how these modern structures react to high temperatures within specific time intervals, offering comparisons with traditional brick structures.
The contribution is an introduction to a new trend in the assessment of buildings as concerns their fire safety, and namely assessing the refrigerating system with refrigerants as such, forming an important part of the technological equipment of the edifice. Down to the present day both refrigerants and refrigerating systems used to be in the background of considerations, being handled as mere component parts of the ventilation systems, or even totally left out of consideration in fire safety statements relating to buildings. However, a certain improvement is seen to have set in, thanks to which refrigerants are claiming due attention. The reason for focusing upon their problems lies in the fact that refrigerants with high GWP index are being gradually replaced with low GWP index preparations ever since 2015, and namely due to the legitimate requirement of environmental protection. High GWP index refrigerants are even going to be prohibited after 2020. The shady side of this process is the considerable flammability of the newly introduced refrigerants. This is also why these problems arouse increased interest in the domain of the fire safety experts of the building trade on the one hand side, and among those specialized in refrigerating systems on the other hand side. This paper offers an outline of ways helping to solve the situation having set in. The aim of the paper is to point out the new situation in buildings where there are refrigerating systems with flammable refrigerants and the necessary measures resulting from the given situation, such as reducing the amount of refrigerant and the need to ventilate the space using cooling.
At present, the trend in new building techniques is to move towards light construction systems, and efforts are also being made to use such techniques with multi-storey buildings. It is a characteristic of the Light Building construction system that a substantial part of the structure of a building is made up of thermal insulation, and heavy and wet processes are eliminated. The article focuses on the options for the use of a specific new technique which utilizes the advantages of large-format construction panels composed of 15 mm thick wood chipboard cladding glued using a polyurethane adhesive directly onto rigid thermal insulation, which is most frequently made from façade polystyrene. No other reinforcement is used. The consistency and load-bearing capacity of the panels are exclusively provided by the gluing of the insulation to the cladding using a polyurethane adhesive. The contribution focuses on the prospects for the use of this interesting technique from the aspect of the fire safety of apartment buildings; so far it has only been used for family homes. The contribution also contains a comparison of construction-related technical and financial indicators of use of this technique with standard construction systems employed for timber structures and also with traditional ceramic masonry from the viewpoint of the fire resistance of individual structures.
Protected escape routes enable the rescuing of persons to the outside of a building on fire. They are characterized, in particular, by strict requirements relating to the aeration of such spaces. However, the fulfilling of these limits may impact the monitored thermal characteristics of the respective internal areas. The outlined dilemma will be illustrated by way of an example of a protected escape route aerated by positive-pressure ventilation.
Protecting of historic roofs is an important part of efforts to protect our cultural heritage. These wooden structures carry a lot of information about the authentic tools, technologies and construction processes. Trusses are generally endangered by many risks that could cause irrecoverable damage and loss of information. In addition to the threat wood destroying insect and fungi, should not be forgotten on fire threats that may start from lightning, through electrical installations, to the burning of the surrounding dry grass areas. Historical wooden trusses are with respect to the old wood, indoor climate, the unavailability or the fact that many national cultural monuments are located outside of the inhabited territories, very susceptible to fires. Nevertheless, there are many methods, which are used for new buildings, but unusable for historical truss, and others were proved to be unsuitable by the time. This article analyses the possibilities of modern firefighting arrangements in the historic truss with regard to the specific construction conditions and with regard to the very rare substructure, which should not be damaged.
Wooden structures are the oldest building elements accompanying man since time immemorial. The Czech Republic is strict in its legal and normative regulations relating to the use of wooden building components. In spite of that the Czech construction market is increasingly returning to wooden houses; not only for dwelling purposes, but also for public amenities. However, the structures made of wood as combustible material have to be carefully assessed especially from the viewpoint of fire safety of the building. This paper deals with the fire safety of wooden structures with special regard to the suspended type of ceiling, as it fulfils the role of insulation against the effects of fire. In particular, the thermal stress caused by fire and its impact upon the safety of the building elements has been investigated.
Specialization fire safety of buildings lays requirements which lead to prevention of loss of person ́s live or health. To enable evacuation of persons from burning building through escape ways belongs to the most important fire safety requirements. Fulfilment of requirements for escape ways can influence in special cases indoor environment and exterior appearance of the building. This fact is presented of the example two new classes of kindergarten located in 2nd floor of existing elementary school.
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