The pursuit of learning in high school generally draws on multiple sources of motivation that could be affected by learning contexts and cultural values about education. We conducted this study to capture the complex interplay between various motivational regulation strategies across countries. Our goal was threefold: (1) to identify high-schoolers' motivation profiles using the seven types of regulation strategies proposed by the Self-Determination Theory; (2) to investigate the role of parenting practices and youth's mental health in predicting profile membership, and (3) to investigate whether motivation profiles and their associated predictors are replicated across two cross-national samples (435 Canadian and 414 Belgian adolescents), and across two consecutive school years. Participants completed self-report questionnaires at two time points over one year. Latent profile analysis revealed three school motivation profiles that differ on quantity and quality of motivation: high quantity (highest intrinsic and extrinsic, lowest amotivation), moderately motivated (moderate intrinsic, high extrinsic, low amotivation) and poor quality (lowest intrinsic, moderately high extrinsic, highest amotivation). High levels of positive parenting practices (need support, warmth, monitoring) and low levels of externalizing behaviors predicted increased likelihood of membership in the high quantity than in the other two motivation profiles. The structure of the three profiles and the relationships between predictors and profile membership were generally replicated across the two samples and the two school years. The generalizability of our three-profile solution and the importance of a positive family environment and mental health in the development of school motivation in adolescence are discussed.

Parental designations contribute to construct parental identity in the eyes of the child, the parent, and the generalized others. In a hetero/cisnormative context that offers only 2 options for parental identity (male fathers and female mothers), this study (a) provided an overview of the parental designations of trans people and their evolution as parents transitioned, (b) and generated a model of factors associated with the choice of posttransition parental designations. Semistructured interviews guided by the Bronfenbrenner's ecological model (1988) were administered to 24 Canadian trans parents. The content of the interviews was analyzed using thematic analyses. Results showed that the choice of parental designations was influenced by the timing of childbirth, parents' consideration of normative strains, negotiation with their children, and issues related to public spaces. Overall, trans parental identity appeared as a multidimensional, multidetermined, nonbinary, and fluid identity in a context of nonalignment between the sex assigned at birth and gender identity. Institutional forms and legislation relative to parenting and birthing must acknowledge the diversity of parental identity and designations. Public Significance StatementTrans parents do not conform to the male/man/fatherhood and female/woman/motherhood model. This study showed the complexity of negotiating parental designations among trans-led families. Within the private sphere, negotiations consider family members' well-being, parent/child's biological tie, and relationship established through the years before transitioning. Within the public sphere, trans families use parental designations limiting trans visibility to ensure safety. To be inclusive of all parents, social policies should recognize preferred parental designations of trans parents in institutional settings and on their children's birth act.

Drawing on Elder's life course theory, this study (a) examined parenthood and trans trajectories, their development and interactions across the life span, and (b) compared the experience of trans people who became parents before (pretransition parents) or after (posttransition parents) they initiated a social/medical transition. Semistructured interviews were administered to 24 Canadian trans parents. The content of the interviews was analyzed using thematic analysis. Themes reflecting the interlinkages between parental and trans trajectories were contextualized in the respective life course of pre-and posttransition parents, and contrasts between the two groups of parents were highlighted. Ongoing gender identity struggles characterized pretransition parents' experiences throughout their lives, from family projections to family formation, and to family changes with the parents' transition. By contrast, posttranstion parents had children in the context of their desired identity, yet the struggles of forming a family in the context of unadapted institutional services characterized their lives. Both groups shared similar issues regarding family marginalization, trans visibility, and identities' acknowledgment. The differences between pre-and posttransition parents were accounted for by cohort effects, sequence of parental and trans trajectories, and their overlaps. Overall, the findings highlighted the lifelong, dynamic, and bidirectional influences between parental and trans trajectories. Professionals working with trans people and their families must be trained to be aware of their specific challenges and to better support them. Résumé S'appuyant sur la théorie du parcours de vie développée par Elder, cette étude (a) examine le développement des trajectoires parentales et trans de même que leurs interactions au cours de la vie et (b) compare les expériences des personnes trans qui sont devenues parent avant (parents prétransition) et après (parents posttransition) avoir débuté une transition sociale/médicale. Des entrevues semi-structurées ont été conduites auprès de 24 parents trans canadiens. Une analyse thématique du contenu des entrevues a été réalisée. Les thèmes reflétant les interactions entre les trajectoires parentales et trans ont été situés dans le parcours de vie spécifique des parents pré-et posttransition, et des contrastes entre les deux groupes de parents ont été mis en relief. Les expériences des parents prétransition étaient caractérisées par des luttes constantes relatives a l'identité de genre qui se déroulaient tout au long de leur vie, notamment lors des projections familiales, de la transition a `la parentalité et des changements familiaux qui ont suivi la transition du parent. En revanche, les parents posttransition ont eu des enfants alors qu'ils endossaient leur identité de genre désirée. Ainsi, leurs expériences étaient caractérisées par des défis de fonder une famille dans un contexte où les services institutionnels ne sont pas adaptés aux personnes trans. Les deux groupes de parents p...

Objective: Sexual minority youth are disproportionately affected by dating violence. Previous population-based studies have largely been cross-sectional, focused on physical teen dating violence (TDV), and neglected some sexual orientation dimensions. The current population-based, longitudinal study aimed to compare prevalence, co-occurrence, and recurrence of multiple forms of TDV victimization (psychological, physical, sexual, and threatening TDV) according to various dimensions of sexual orientation (sexual attraction, lifetime sexual partners' gender, current/last romantic partner's gender). Method: Drawn from a representative sample of adolescents from Quebec (Canada), 4,691 students involved in a dating relationship during Wave 1 and/or Wave 2 completed self-reported questionnaires assessing TDV and sexual orientation. Results: Multilevel models revealed that adolescents with multigender sexual attraction or sexual partners faced higher prevalence and recurrence rates of physical, sexual, and threatening TDV compared with their different-gender and, to a lesser extent, same-gender counterparts, and they were more likely to experience multiple forms of TDV. TDV was also more recurrent in same-gender than in different-gender relationships. Conversely, sexually inactive adolescents reported significantly lower prevalence, co-occurrence, and recurrence rates for all or most forms of TDV compared with sexually active adolescents with multigender, different-gender, and same-gender sexual partners. Conclusion: Adolescents with multigender sexual attraction or sexual partners and those in same-gender relationships appear as the most at-risk groups for TDV. Prevention and intervention efforts are warranted to meet the needs of these vulnerable populations. Further studies are needed to better understand mechanisms underlying this vulnerability.

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