Helical CT scanning of the cervical spine allows rapid and safe evaluation of the cervical spine in the unconscious, intubated trauma patient.

Our data suggest that Geliperm is as effective as Lacrilube in the prevention of exposure keratopathy in the critically ill. We also note that nursing staff must be fully trained in its application for eye care.

BackgroundBlunt Traumatic Pericardial Rupture (BTPR) with resulting cardiac herniation following chest trauma is an unusual and often fatal condition. Although there has been a multitude of case reports of this condition in past literature, the recurring theme is that of a missed injury. Its occurrence in severe blunt trauma is in the order of 0.4%. It is an injury that frequently results in pre/early hospital death and diagnosis at autopsy, probably owing to a combination of diagnostic difficulties, lack of familiarity and associated polytrauma. Of the patients who survive to hospital attendance, the mortality rate is in the order of 57-64%.MethodsWe present two survivors of BTPR and cardiac herniation, one with a delayed penetrating cardiac injury secondary to rib fractures. With these two cases and literature review, we hope to provide a greater awareness of this injuryConclusionBTPR and cardiac herniation is a complex and often fatal injury that usually presents under the umbrella of polytrauma. Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for BTPR but, even then, the diagnosis is fraught with difficulty. In blunt chest trauma, patients should be considered high risk for BTPR when presenting with:Cardiovascular instability with no obvious causeProminent or displaced cardiac silhouette and asymmetrical large volume pneumopericardiumPotentially, with increasing awareness of the injury and improved use and availability of imaging modalities, the survival rates will improve and cardiac Herniation could even be considered the 5th H of reversible causes of blunt traumatic PEA arrest.

SUMMARYThe influence of primary and lateral root respiration and radial oxygen leakage, upon oxygen concentrations in the primary pea root apex have been identified and in varying degrees quantified. The experiments were conducted on intact plants with the roots bathed in anoxic media and apical oxygen concentrations were deduced from measurements of radial oxygen loss made using cylindrical platinum electrodes.The plants were from 2 to 10 days old, primary root lengths ranging from 3 to 13 cm; the mean numbers and total lengths of laterals ranged from 0 to 26 and 0 to 140 cm respectively. The results clearly show that the apical oxygen concentration in the root declines with growth if respiratory demand for oxygen can be met only by internal gas-phase diffusion from the shoot. However the decline in the concentration departs markedly from that predicted for roots of uniform radius porosity and respiratory demand. There are strong grounds for believing that declining respiratory activity in sub-apical parts of the primary root not only arrests the decline in apical oxygen concentration but can also reverse it. In primary roots, which were lacking laterals, and jacketed in solid agar to minimize lateral leakage of oxygen to a freshly anoxic bathing medium, the apical concentration declined from ca. 8 % in roots 3 cm in length to ca. 2-5 % when roots had grown to a length of 6-5 cm. Further growth was accompanied by a slight increase in concentration rather than the further decline which might have been anticipated. In roots from which laterals had not been excised the apical oxygen concentration had fallen to 1'9% in 6-5 cm roots and reached its lowest point, 0-3 %, in roots 9-5 cm in length. It was predicted that without the sink effect of the electrode sensor the highest concentration (/ = 3 cm) would have been > 9 % oxygen and the lowest (/ = 95 cm) ca. 0-5 % oxygen. The influence of lateral roots was apparently related more to their number than to their total biomass.In other batches of roots the agar jacket was removed to encourage the radial diffusive leakage of oxygen from sub-apical parts to the freshly anoxic but static bathing medium. Leakage had a significant effect on the oxygen regime in the primary root apex and this was at its most striking in roots bearing laterals: so far as could be ascertained these roots became anoxic at a length of between 7 and 8 cm. It was pointed out that the oxygen sink activities of flooded soil would probably induced anoxia in even shorter pea roots. Unjacketed roots from which laterals had been excised had apical concentrations ca. 7-5 % (/ = 3 cm) and this had declined to ca. 2 % in roots ranging from 7 to 11 cm in length.Effective diffusive resistances for the roots were also calculated. The changes were noted by plotting against root length and were compared with the changes in pore space resistance previously measured. Resistances were many times greater than the pore space resistance and became very large indeed under the influence of lateral root respiration and ...

Given the limited heterogeneous evidence currently available on targeted temperature management use in patients with neurogenic fever and intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, or acute ischaemic stroke, a Delphi approach was appropriate to gather an expert consensus. To aid in the development of future investigations, the panel provides recommendations for data gathering.

The effectiveness of oxygen movement through pea seedlings has been assessed firstly by assaying for radial oxygen loss along the roots using the cylindrical Pt electrode technique, and secondly by measuring root growth in various oxygen-free media.It was found that roots would grow in oxygen-free 3% agar to a length exceeding 20 cm, but when such plants were removed to oxygen-free 0.05% agar oxygen could not be detected in the apical segments in roots longer than 9.5 cm unless respiratory activity was curtailed by cooling.If the greater part of the root was retained in 3% agar and only the apical region exposed to 0.05% agar and assayed, oxygen loss always occurred. It was concluded that the 3% agar has a jacketing effect substantially reducing oxygen leakage from the root surface and thus allowing more oxygen to channel down to the apical regions.Root growth in unstirred air-saturated 0.05% agar matched the growth in oxygen-free 3% agar. Root growth in unstirred oxygen-free 0.05% agar was arrested at c. 9 cm.It is suggested that the effect produced by the aerated unstirred 0.05% agar is consistent with a jacketing effect mitigating oxygen loss from the root and that a growth of 9 cm in unstirred deoxygenated agar is consistent with a smaller jacketing effect due to the unstirred medium.It is proposed that the accumulation of respiratory tissue will eventually render inadequate any jacketing effect. Further aerobic development at this stage will require a supply of oxygen from the rooting medium.

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SUMMARYFor roots growing in anoxic media the intercellular pore-space of the root cortex provides a channel for the diffusive flow of respiratory gases between shooot and root. Three methods were used in an attempt to quantify the diffusive resistance of this pore space (Rp) in pea. Two of the methods were based on polarographic measurements of oxygen flow through the roots: the 'cooling' and 'gas-mixture' methods; the third was based upon measurements of porosity and root geometry ('shape'). The last gave results which agreed closely with those obtained using gas-mixtures. The relationship between i?p and root length followed a curvilinear form in which there was little change in R^ in the earlier stages of growth (3 to 65 cm). The cooling method also produced a curvilinear pattern, but numerically the resistances were considerably higher. Also, resistance rose significantly in the shorter roots. It was found that respiratory activity in the roots at 3 °C could account for these discrepancies; an electrical analogue of the root programmed for resistance (gas-mixture/root geometry values) and 3 °C respiratory activity, gave results which matched those obtained by the cooling method. It was concluded that the gas-filled pore space in the pea root forms a relatively non-tortuous diffusion path and that resistance is very strongly influenced by root shape. As roots extend beyond a length of 7 cm there is an accelerated rise in Rp. An original intention, that of obtaining a measure of diffusive resistance across the root wall, was thwarted by the variability in the data.