[eng] The consumer price index (CPI) is designed to track the overall change in prices at a constant level of product . quality. It also serves as a measure of cost-of-living . changes when it is used for index-linking wages and . private contracts. It is therefore important to make . sure that the CPI is a good indicator of cost-of-living . changes. . . The authors accordingly seek to test the existence of a divergence between the CPI and cost-of-living changes by means of an intertemporal comparison of Engel . curves for food consumption. The curves measure the . share of food consumption in household expenditures as a function of purchasing power (real income)— a . share that decreases with income. Under the assumption . that theoretical Engel curves remain constant over . time, the shift in the observed curves reflects a divergence . between the change in the price index and the . change in the actual cost of living. We borrow this methodology from Costa (2001) and . Hamilton (2001) and apply it to French data taken from the CPI series and the “Family Budget” (Budget de . Famille) surveys from 1979 to 2006. We perform the . analysis by household category using a variety of methods: . methods that are robust to the excessive influence . of certain observations; instrumentation against measurement errors and endogeneity of total expenditures; . and data fitting to adjust for any incorrect reporting. . . The results differ according to whether we work on data . taken directly from the survey or on data fitted to the national-accounts aggregates. However, the cost-ofliving . increase shown in the Engel curves is consistently . smaller than the one shown by the CPI. Therefore, while . our results cannot have a normative value, the intertemporal analysis of Engel curves does not support the claim that the French CPI underestimated the rise in the . cost of living between 1979 and 2006. [spa] El índice de precios al consumo (IPC) tiene como objetivo . medir la evolución general de los precios en el . marco de la calidad constante de los productos. Se . utiliza también para medir la evolución del coste de la vida cuando sirve para la indexación de los ingresos o . contratos privados. Por ello es importante asegurarse . de que este índice es un buen indicador de la evolución . del coste de la vida. Así, nuestro objetivo es verificar, en el caso francés, la . existencia de una divergencia entre el IPC y la evolución del coste de la vida, con el apoyo de la comparación intertemporal de las curvas de Engel en relación con el . consumo alimentario. Estas reconstituyen la parte del . consumo alimentario en el presupuesto de los hogares en función del poder adquisitivo, parte que es decreciente . con los ingresos. Con la hipótesis de que las curvas . teóricas de Engel son constantes en el transcurso del tiempo, el desplazamiento de las curvas observadas traduce una divergencia entre la evolución del índice de . los precios y la del verdadero coste de la vida. Esta metodología se ha tomado de Costa (2001) Hamilton (2001). Se...
En 2010, le marché des antihypertenseurs représentait en valeur plus de 2 milliards d’euros, soit près de 10 % du marché total du médicament en ville. Entre 1980 et 2010, ce marché a connu une croissance annuelle moyenne de +5,2 % par an. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser l’évolution de la consommation d’antihypertenseurs en France sur une période longitudinale de trente ans. Cette analyse cherche à décomposer l’évolution des dépenses d’antihypertenseurs, en mettant en évidence l’impact de l’évolution des prix, des quantités et de la structure de consommation. Les résultats font apparaître une tendance à la diminution des prix, contrebalancée par une forte augmentation des volumes, qui inclut des modifications profondes de la structure de consommation des antihypertenseurs. Ces tendances observées peuvent être mises en parallèle avec les différents mécanismes de régulation des dépenses pharmaceutiques qui se sont succédé sur la période considérée.
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