Vessel density in affected bowel loops, as estimated with Doppler US, and bowel wall thickness (>5 mm) reflect disease activity in patients with Crohn disease.

We established that the EOS system offers overall enhanced image quality while reducing drastically the entrance dose for the patient.

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This review article aims at summarizing the data regarding fetal and neonatal hydronephrosis, at correlating controversial data with the differences in the practice of obstetrical sonography from one country to another, and finally, at presenting our own criteria for fetal renal collecting system dilatation along with our own guidelines of postnatal investigation.

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Foot deformity in infants is the most common congenital musculoskeletal condition. A precise diagnosis can sometimes be impossible to establish clinically. Radiologic imaging plays a major role in the evaluation of musculoskeletal abnormalities. However conventional imaging techniques, such as plain radiographs of the foot, are of very little help in this age group because of the lack of ossification of the tarsal bones. US presents a significant advantage because it permits the visualization of cartilaginous structures. This leads to the detailed assessment of foot deformities in infants. Furthermore, US can also be used as a dynamic imaging modality. Different scanning views are beneficial to evaluate the complete anatomy of the foot; depending on the suspected clinical diagnosis, some planes are more informative to display the pathological features of a specific deformity. We describe the US findings of five of the most common foot deformities referred to our pediatric orthopedic clinic (clubfoot, simple metatarsus adductus, skewfoot, and oblique and vertical talus). For each deformity we propose a specific imaging protocol based on US to provide an accurate diagnosis. US is a complementary tool to the clinical examination for determining the diagnosis and the severity of the deformity and also for monitoring the efficacy of treatment. Radiologists investigating foot deformities in infants should consider using US for the detailed assessment of the foot in this age group.

Objective No guideline clearly prescribes an approach to management of spontaneous pneumothorax in children. The objectives of this study were to evaluate practice variation in the management of spontaneous pneumothorax in children and its probability of recurrence. Methods This study was a retrospective chart review followed by a phone follow-up that included all children who had visited a tertiary care paediatric hospital for a first episode of spontaneous pneumothorax between 2008 and 2017. The primary outcomes were the management of pneumothorax (observation, oxygen, needle aspiration, intercostal chest tube, surgery) and the probability of recurrence. All charts were evaluated by a rater using a standardized report form and 10% of the charts were evaluated in duplicate. All children/families were contacted by phone to assess recurrence. The primary analyses were the proportions of each treatment modalities and recurrence, respectively. Results During the study period, 76 children were deemed eligible for the study. Among them, 59 had a primary spontaneous pneumothorax while 17 were secondary. The most common first therapeutic approaches were chest tube insertion (31), oxygen alone (27), and observation (14). A total of 54 patients were available for follow-up among whom a recurrence was observed in 28 (37% of the total cohort or 52% of available children). Conclusion Chest tube insertion was the first line of treatment in about 40% of children with a first spontaneous pneumothorax. In this population, the recurrence probability is established between 37 and 52% and the majority occurs in the following months.