Given the continued racial/ethnic diversification of the United States, it is not uncommon for therapy groups to consist of members with diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds and various cultural identities. Scholars have underscored how this cultural diversity can directly impact many processes and outcomes of group-based interventions (Chen, Kakkad, & Balzano, 2008). However, there is presently a paucity of empirical research testing the relationship between cultural processes of therapy groups and members' outcomes. Moreover, no psychometrically sound measure of the cultural process that unfolds in group therapy currently exists. As such, this study sought to adapt the Multicultural Orientation Inventory to develop and validate the Multicultural Orientation Inventory-Group Version (MCO-G), a measure assessing the cultural humility, cultural comfort, and cultural missed opportunities in therapy groups. Data for this validation study consisted of 208 members of 49 therapy groups across 10 university counseling centers. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a 3-factor structure of the MCO-G Inventory, wherein the 3 factors corresponded with the underlying constructs of cultural humility, cultural comfort, and cultural missed opportunities. This study provides initial evidence for the estimated internal and convergent validity of the MCO-G, as measured by clients' perceptions of a higher-order group therapeutic factor and improvement in therapy. Results provide initial support for the psychometric properties of the MCO-G. Moreover, groups' cultural humility and cultural missed opportunities were related to members' improvement in therapy. Clinical implications and future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

Objective: Over the last 3 decades, group treatment researchers have become increasingly knowledgeable of the impact of within-group dependency on analyses of group treatment data and of mutual influence processes that occur within therapy groups. Despite these advancements, there remains a lack of consensus on the magnitude of mutual influence, or group effects, in group treatment research. As such, this study sought to estimate the size of group effects on members' posttreatment outcomes by meta-analyzing the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) in group treatment research. In addition, we tested several moderators of the ICC, including outcome type, outcome reactivity, outcome specificity, group format, treatment length, and group size. Method: Using robust variance estimations, we metaanalyzed 169 effect sizes from 37 group treatment studies. Results: Findings indicated an average ICC of 0.06. Group size, group format, treatment length, outcome specificity, and outcome type did not significantly moderate the ICC; however, we did find evidence to suggest that the ICC varies as a function of outcome reactivity, with observer-rated outcome measures resulting in the largest ICC. Conclusion: These findings suggest that interdependence in group treatment research is an important concept both theoretically and statistically. What is the public health significance of this article?This study found that therapy groups account for 6% of the variability in group treatment outcomes. Outcome reactivity significantly moderated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in group treatment research, such that the largest ICCs were associated with observer-rated outcome measures. Interdependence in group treatment research is important both theoretically and statistically.

Forced migration represents an enduring human catastrophe. Although the impetuses of forced migration are varied, the experience can nevertheless provoke or exacerbate a cascade of issues, including acute and chronic physical illness and limited upward economic mobility or opportunities for resettlement. Persistent psychological challenges are compounded by cultural barriers, such as language issues and experiences of prejudice and stigmatization. Moreover, refugees may face additional barriers accessing culturally informed treatment that effectively meets refugees' treatment needs. Therefore, this article provides an overview of cultural considerations in the treatment of refugee populations and introduces the multicultural orientation framework as a method to enhance mental health services for refugee populations and to help guide clinicians in the delivery of culturally appropriate care. We note the importance of therapists' seeking cultural opportunities with humility and comfort to best serve refugee populations. Public Significance StatementThis article reviews the physical, psychological, and cultural impact of forced migration on refugee populations, particularly those within the United States and other Western, industrialized countries. Additionally, it advances scholarly discussion on the use of the multicultural orientation framework of psychotherapy for use with vulnerable populations, such as refugees.

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Over the past two decades, counseling psychology has emerged as an international discipline. Despite efforts to internationalize counseling psychology and increase cross-cultural relationships, few studies have considered international collaboration on scientific scholarship as a metric or factor of internationalization. Therefore, using social network analyses, we tested the occurrence and patterns of collaborations between authors from different countries on published studies in the Journal of Counseling Psychology and The Counseling Psychologist from 2005 to 2015. Results indicated that a small proportion of possible international collaborations existed, as measured by network density, and the majority of collaborations involved authors affiliated with institutions in the United States. However, international collaboration significantly increased over time, as measured by the density of the network. Our findings are consistent with previous research suggesting a lack of cross-national scholarship in counseling psychology and identify global areas for further cross-cultural development.