Abstract:River systems are increasingly under stress and pressure from agriculture and urbanization in riparian zones, resulting in frequent engineering interventions such as bank stabilization or flood protection. This study provides guidelines for a more sustainable approach to river management based on hydrogeomorphology (HGM) concepts applied to three contrasted rivers in Quebec (Canada). Mobility and flooding spaces are determined for the three rivers and three levels of "freedom space" are subsequently defined based on the combination of the two spaces. The first level of freedom space includes very frequently flooded and highly mobile zones over the next 50 years, as well as riparian wetlands. It provides the minimum space for both fluvial and ecological functionality of the river system and corresponds to a highly variable width, approximately 1.7 times the channel width on average, for the three studied sites. The second level includes space for floods of larger magnitude and provides for meanders to migrate freely over a longer time period. The last level of freedom space represents exceptional flood zones. We propose the freedom space concept to be implemented in current river management legislation because it promotes a sustainable way to manage river systems and it increases their resilience to climate and land use changes in comparison with traditional river management approaches which are based on frequent and spatially restricted interventions. Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems CorporationPlease find attached our revised manuscript. As you will see, we have made substantial change to the original manuscript based on the very thorough and stimulating comments received from the three reviewers. The detailed changes are described in the attached 27-page long letter. The most important change is that we have decided not to include the cost-benefit analysis in order to focus on better explaining the concepts and methodological issues of the freedom space approach. This is why the title of the paper has been revised to "Freedom space for rivers: a sustainable management approach to enhance river resilience".We would like to take this opportunity to thank the reviewers for their thoroughness in assessing the initial version of this paper. Their comments and suggestions prompted us to clarify our approach so that it can hopefully be applied in other regions of the world to improve resilience of river systems. We hope you will find this revised version suitable for publication in your journal. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 2 Abstract 8 River systems are increasingly under stress and pressure from agriculture and urbanization 9 in riparian zones, resulting in frequent engineering interventions such as bank stabilization or 10 flood protection. This s...

Interactions between headwater aquifers and peatlands have received limited scientific attention. Hydrological stresses, including those related to climate change, may adversely impact these interactions. In this study, the dynamics of a southern Québec headwater system where a peatland is present is simulated under current conditions and with climate change. The model is calibrated in steady state on field‐measured data and provides satisfactory results for transient‐state conditions. Under current conditions, simulations confirm that the peatland is fed by the fractured bedrock aquifer year‐round and provides continuous baseflow to its outlets. Climate change is simulated through its impact on groundwater recharge. Predicted precipitation and temperature data from a suite of regional climate model scenarios provide a net precipitation variation range from +10% to −30% for the 2041–2070 horizon. Calibrated recharge is modified within this range to perform a sensitivity analysis of the headwater model to recharge variations (+10%, −15% and −30%). Total contribution from the aquifer to rivers and streams varies from +14% to −44% of the baseline for +10% to −30% recharge changes from spring 2010 data, for example. With higher recharge, the peatland receives more groundwater, which could significantly change its vegetation pattern and eventually ecosystem functions. For a −30% recharge, the peatland becomes perched above the aquifer during the summer, fall and winter. Recharge reductions also induce sharp declines in groundwater levels and drying streams. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Groundwater discharge areas, including low-flow bedrock aquifer springs, are ecologically important and can be impacted by climate change. The development of and results from a groundwater modeling study simulating fractured bedrock spring flow are presented. This was conducted to produce hydrological data for an ecohydrological study of an endangered species, Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamanders (Desmognathus ochrophaeus), in southern Quebec, Canada. The groundwater modeling approach in terms of scale and complexity was strongly driven by the need to produce hydrological data for the related ecohydrological modeling. Flows at four springs at different elevations were simulated for recent past conditions (2006-2010) and for reference (1971-2000) and future (2041-2070) periods using precipitation and temperature data from ten climate scenarios. Statistical analyses of spring flow parameters including activity periods and duration of flow were conducted. Flow rates for the four simulated springs, located at different elevations, are predicted to increase between 2% and 46% and will be active (flowing) 1% to 2% longer in the future. A significant change (predominantly an increase) looking at the seasonality of the number of active days occurs in the winter (2% to 4.9%) and spring seasons (-0.6% to 6.5%). Greatest flow rates were produced from springs at elevations where sub-horizontal fractures intersect the ground surface. These results suggest an intensification of the spring activity at the study site in context of climate change by 2050, which provides a positive habitat outlook for the endangered salamanders residing in the springs for the future.

2015): Long-term trends in groundwater recharge and discharge in a fractured bedrock aquifer -past and future conditions , Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques,In the context of climate change, it is important to understand possible future projections and historical trends of groundwater recharge, flow, and discharge to surface reservoirs. Knowledge of a vast range of possible conditions is required to fully appreciate the variability of the hydrologic cycle and hence the long-term vulnerability of groundwaterdependent habitats. This research investigates historical trends for a groundwater-surface water interacting system that supports a fragile ecosystem in southern Quebec. A transient model was developed using MODFLOW to simulate sitewide groundwater flow for the study area. The model was used to simulate past hydrogeological conditions (1900-2010) using a new data set of available precipitation (rain and snowmelt) and temperature. This data set was used to simulate the overall groundwater budget and to determine groundwater discharge (river baseflow and spring flow) in the study area. This allows for the quantification of century-long trends in flow data, as well as the extreme maximum and minimum flows over 110 years. Recharge was variable, ranging from 41 to 197 mm/year over the study period. Lower recharge rates from 1950 to 1965 induced marked effects on spring flow. Although the trend is not statistically significant, there appears to be, for the second half of the study period , a tendency towards a reversal to an increase for recharge, hydraulic heads, spring flow and baseflows. A longer time series would be necessary to confirm this tendency. The simulated historical trends are compared with flow projections for future scenarios . The confirmation that the natural system has been subjected to a wide range of climatic conditions over the last century helps to inform about its resilience. This study highlights the utility of groundwater flow modeling using historical climate data sets to gain a better understanding of long-term trends for climate change-related hydrogeological and ecohydrological studies.Dans un contexte de changements climatiques, il est important d'analyser les projections futures possibles et les tendances historiques des écoulements d'eau souterraine (recharge, flux, apports aux eaux de surface). La prise en compte d'une vaste gamme de conditions possibles est nécessaire afin d'apprécier pleinement la variabilité du cycle hydrologique et, conséquemment, la vulnérabilité à long terme des habitats qui dépendent des eaux souterraines. Cette recherche examine les tendances historiques d'un système aquifère-eaux de surface qui soutient un écosystème fragile dans le sud du Québec. Un modèle transitoire a été développé en utilisant MODFLOW pour simuler l'écoulement des eaux souterraines dans la zone d'étude. Le modèle a été utilisé pour simuler les conditions hydrogéologiques passées (1900-2010) en utilisant des données de précipitation disponible au...