Cocoa is one of the most significant assets in the ecuadorian agricultural structure, which also provides a good source of income for thousands of farmworker families. However, fertilization research works in cocoa cultivation have been relatively scarce. Decades of global research have shown that mycorrhizal fungi determine the fertilization and conservation of agrosystems. Fertilization is considered to be among the cultural and agricultural practices affecting mycorrhizas, which diminishes or prevents the fungal colonization. The objectives of research works were the following: the characterization of mycorrhiza species associated with cocoa, to determine the effects of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization in plant population and to identify the critical dose affecting the fungus development. A factorial design was used (AxBxC), with two (2) application systems, four (4) doses of nitrogen fertilizer, and two (2) doses of phosphate fertilizer with three repetitions. The turkey's test was used to evaluate means with confidence interval of 95%. The evaluated variables were: diameter and length of cocoa pods, number of cocoa pods per tree, index of cocoa beans and almond yield per hectare, as well as, mycorrhizal spore counting, percentage of mycorrhizal fungi colonization, visual density of endophyte, and characterization of mycorrhiza species. The results concluded that the application of 100 Kg/ha N + 70 kg/ha P in the system below the soil surface, achieved yield increments
The development of the production of arrocera in Ecuador was possible because it consolidated a complementary industrial sector. The rice industry, however, appears as a consequence and condition for the consolidation of this branch of production. The general advancement of the production process takes into account the growth of an industrial sector devoted to the decorticamiento of the gramínea. This is based on the fact that the industrialisation of the grain is a condition for the increase of consumption. In turn, one can understand the growth of the latter (especially in the sierra), if they take into account the new forms of utilisation of the rice that the processing gives place. This is a fundamental requirement for the development of the industry and, therefore, the general production. It should be emphasised that after the harvesting process, the primary production concludes with the storage of the grain in sacks or silos. The industrialisation of rice begins with the drying of the grains. Once these are completely dehydrated, it proceeded to the husked and the removal of the husk thereof. As a result of this process, you can get the brown rice which in some cases is treated with specialized polishing machines to obtain the white rice that is consumed regularly. Usually, the process of industrialization ends with the packaging of the rice for human consumption. In actuality, the rice sector faces great challenges. This is the same ones that make it essential to form rice associations for small and medium producers to handle their own industrialization process. It, however, begins with the drying of rice Peel, storage in silos, hulling and elimination of husk, polishing (white rice) and packaging, and taking care of the marketing in the domestic market, i.e. direct selling, especially in supermarkets and Points of Sale being the best option. For Producers, the commercial opening is an opportunity for rice activity.
The objective of this research is to determine the agronomic performance of cultivars of soybean lines with different densities. It also aims to establish its optimum performance based on its interaction with people in the town of Montalvo. The materials used in this study include S-864 lines, S-840, IT-10 725, and 112-27 under different population densities of about 250 000, 300 000, 350 000, and 400000 plants per hectare. The split plot design were three treatments (lines), four subtreatments (populations), and three replications. For the evaluation and comparison of means, Tukey test was used at a probability of 5%. The data evaluated in the study include: incidence of disease and lodging, height at first pod and harvest, days to flowering, number of branches per plant, number of grains per pod, pod number per plant, seed weight, and yield 100 kg / ha. According to the results of the study, it was determined that the growing IT-112-27 recorded the highest average plant height at first pod. It, however, has a population of 400000 plants/ha which was obtained in the line IT-112-27 tallest crop plant, lines S-840, and line IT-112-27. They recorded the best averages in days to flowering, with a population of 350000 plants/ha. The S-864 line achieved the highest average days to harvest. Also, the variable branches per plant did not show statistical significance in its lines, populations of plants, and the number of grains per plant. Consequently, the highest value was recorded by S-840 which interacted with 250 000 plants/ ha. Cultivar S-840 had the highest number of pods per plant with 38.9 pods. However, while interacting with populations of 250,000 European Scientific Journal February 2017 edition vol.13, No.6 ISSN: 1857 -7881 (Print) e -ISSN 1857 85 plants/ha, 37.2 pods was obtained. Line IT-112-27 with 19.1 grams presented the highest weight of 100 seeds. The highest grain yield was shown in line IT-112-27 with a population of 350000 plants/ha. Since line IT-112-27 was presented as the best production, we recommend the use of a good fertilizer, weed control, and pests and diseases control when planting during the dry or rainy season.Keywords: Performance, disease, pod, people, grams, average ResumenLos objetivos de esta investigación fueron: determinar el comportamiento Agronómico de los cultivares de las líneas de soya a diferentes densidades y establecer el rendimiento óptimo en base a la población en interacción con la localidad de Montalvo. Los Materiales estudiados fueron las líneas S-864; S-840; 10725 y IT-112-27 sometidos a diferentes densidades poblacionales con 250000; 300000; 350000 y 400000 plantas por hectárea. El Diseño Estadístico fue Parcelas Divididas con tres tratamientos (líneas), cuatro subtratamientos (poblaciones) y tres repeticiones. Para la evaluación y comparación de medias se empleó la prueba de TUKEY al 5 % de probabilidades. Los datos evaluados fueron: incidencia de enfermedades y acame, altura a la primera vaina y a la cosecha, días a floración, número de ramas por planta, ...
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