The aims of this study were: i) to examine if Dual Career (DC) pathways are independent of gender, ii) to evaluate whether those athletes who followed a DC experienced less difficulty in their integration into the labor force than the athletes devoted entirely to sport regardless of gender, as well as iii) to analyze whether the type of career path chosen was related with the current labor status, and if differences exist between men and women athletes. A quantitative, cross-sectional, and descriptive study was used based on an ad hoc questionnaire. Two-hundred and twenty-eight retired Olympic athletes completed a questionnaire. The response rate was 28.3%. Athletes who followed a DC with studies had a higher educational level at retirement than those devoted solely to sport and those who followed a DC with work, (χ2(6) = 38.76; P < .001), but no differences were found between men and women (χ2(3) = 3.23; P = .358). Athletes who followed a DC path (with studies or with work) perceived the transition out of sport more positively than those who focused solely on sport (χ2(2) = 7.79; P = .020). Regarding the type of job, more women attained a part-time job (20.9%) than men (3.1%; χ2(5) = 21.83; P = .001). The athletes who followed a DC with studies achieved higher monthly incomes than the other two groups (χ2(2) = 9.08; P = .011). Men athletes achieved higher incomes than women (Z = 5.45; P < .001), but the gender wage gap was apparent for those Olympian athletes considered as the qualified group, probably due to a higher presence of part-time women workers. The findings of this study suggest that future professional opportunities and the transition to the labor market could be made easier by following a DC during the mastery stage. Regardless of career path, women experienced more difficulties in their integration into the job market and there is a wage penalty for highly-qualified women.
A rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm using both one and two response dimensions was used to test parallel processing models of stimulus dimensions. Fifty subjects were asked to report the identity and/or color of a target uppercase word inserted in a series of lowercase words. The results produced a predominance of posttarget intrusions for color responses and a predominance of pretarget intrusions for identity responses. The requirement of a response to a second dimension impaired hit rates but did not change the pattern of intrusions. An examination of the distributions of intrusions in each response dimension as a function of the response given to the other dimension showed an unexpectedly high percentage of simultaneous hits, a moderate covariation between both responses, and the same patterns of intrusions when compared with the general distributions. While these results seem to be compatible with parallel models of processing for stimulus dimensions, two modifications to this model are suggested. First, the processing of response dimension(s) needs some attentional resources. Second, provision for a mixed model is indicated, which would include trials where no illusory conjunctions are formed.
Based on the conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes (Taylor & Ogilvie, 1994), the present study aimed to (a) evaluate if perceived difficulties during the retirement transition varied according to the voluntariness of the decision, planning of a postsport career life, satisfaction with the sport achievements, and career path, and (b) analyze if these perceived difficulties varied according to the type of the student-athlete’s dual-career trajectory. In total, 477 elite athletes completed the questionnaire. Multivariate multinomial logistic models were applied to analyze the data. Voluntariness was significantly associated with difficulties related to professional career out of sport, health, and finances. Planning one’s retirement was associated with difficulties in areas such as studies, family, and leisure, whereas satisfaction with sport achievements was associated with difficulties in areas such as social networking, leisure, and finance. The results supported our hypothesis that student-athletes who combined sport and education and gave them the same degree of priority (parallel trajectory) would experience fewer difficulties than athletes who prioritize sport over education (convergent trajectory). The factors proposed by Taylor and Ogilvie’s model were associated with the perceived difficulties in different areas when keeping the other factors in control. Because only a parallel dual-career trajectory seems to protect the athlete from severe difficulties in transitioning out of sport, future research should identify means for assisting student-athletes to maintain their educational commitment.
El principal objetivo del presente estudio fue aportar más evidencias sobre la relación entre el consumo de tabaco y la práctica de actividad física, así como sobre el efecto modulador que podrían ejercer las variables sexo y edad en la misma. Se efectuó un estudio transversal con una muestra de 625 personas. El muestreo fue polietápico, utilizándose un cuestionario ad hoc. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la práctica de actividad física y el consumo de tabaco eran conductas relacionadas [2(1)=7,373; p=,007; φ=,11]. Esa relación se explicaba por una incidencia del sedentarismo superior a la esperada (p<,01) entre fumadores (51,9%). Además, dicha asociación difería según sexo [2(1)=12,172; p=,000; φ=,20] y se daba sólo en determinados grupos de edad: 15-19 [2(1)=5,012; p=,025; φ=,27] y 20-29 años [2(1)=7,580; p=,006; φ=,20]. Por tanto, de los resultados de este estudio se desprende que el tabaquismo y la práctica de actividad física son conductas que parecen estar inversamente relacionadas. No obstante, esta asociación se da en los varones, pero no en las mujeres y, en función de la edad, solamente entre jóvenes y adolescentes.
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