PURPOSE. To develop a questionnaire (in Spanish) to measure computer-related visual and ocular symptoms (CRVOS). METHODS. A pilot questionnaire was created by consulting the literature, clinicians, and video display terminal (VDT) workers. The replies of 636 subjects completing the questionnaire were assessed using the Rasch model and conventional statistics to generate a new scale, designated the Computer-Vision Symptom Scale (CVSS17). Validity and reliability were determined by Rasch fit statistics, principal components analysis (PCA), person separation, differential item functioning (DIF), and item-person targeting. To assess construct validity, the CVSS17 was correlated with a Rasch-based visual discomfort scale (VDS) in 163 VDT workers, this group completed the CVSS17 twice in order to assess test-retest reliability (two-way single-measure intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] and their 95% confidence intervals, and the coefficient of repeatability [COR]). RESULTS. The CVSS17 contains 17 items exploring 15 different symptoms. These items showed good reliability and internal consistency (mean square infit and outfit 0.88-1.17, eigenvalue for the first residual PCA component 1.37, person separation 2.85, and no DIF). Pearson's correlation with VDS scores was 0.60 (P < 0.001). Intraclass correlation coefficient for testretest reliability was 0.849 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.800-0.887), and COR was 8.14. CONCLUSIONS. The Rasch-based linear-scale CVSS17 emerged as a useful tool to quantify CRVOS in computer workers.

Asthenopia symptoms were investigated in visually-normal subjects without computer-related vision symptoms after prolonged reading from: smartphone versus hardcopy under photopic conditions, and smartphone in conditions of ambient versus dark room illumination. After reading from the smartphone, total symptom scores and nine out of ten questionnaire symptoms were significantly worse than for the hardcopy ("blurred vision while viewing the text, "blurred distance vision after the task", "difficulty in refocusing from one distance to another", "irritated or burning eyes", "dry eyes", "eyestrain", "tired eyes", "sensitivity to bright lights" and "eye discomfort"). Mean total symptom scores and scores for "irritated or burning eyes" and "dry eyes" were significantly higher for the dark versus photopic conditions. In conclusion, prolonged smartphone reading could cause worse asthenopic symptoms than reading from a hardcopy under similar conditions. Symptoms could be even worse when reading from a smartphone in the dark.

Background: In recent years, there was a significant increase in myopia incidence worldwide. However, it is still not clear how it affects Spanish children. Since 2016, this research team analyzed myopia prevalence and risk in 9668 children aged between 5 and 7 years. It was shown that the prevalence rates increased from 16.8% in 2016 to 20.4% in 2019. The objective of this study is to update the prevalence rate of myopia in Spain in 2020 and analyze the risk and prevention factors of myopia. Methods: The participants underwent an optometric examination, and a questionnaire on their lifestyle, family history, and geographical origin was carried out. Finally, data were analyzed using the SPSS version 27 program. Results: 1601 children from various Autonomous Communities of Spain were examined. In 2020 the myopia rates did not increase compared to 2019 (p < 0.05), although the number of hyperopes decreased and the number of emmetropes increased. Regarding age, the prevalence of myopia increased progressively over the years (p < 0.001). There was no association between gender and myopia (p > 0.05). There was a link between the time spent in near vision and family history with the prevalence of myopia (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia in Spain in children between 5 and 7 years old increased significantly between 2016 and 2020.

To culturally and linguistically adapt the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) to Spanish and assess the psychometric performance of the new version through Rasch analysis and classical test theory methods. Methods: The Spanish version of the CISS (CISS VE) was completed by 449 subjects (9-30 years old) from the general population. The validity and reliability of CISS VE were assessed through Rasch statistics (precision, targeting, item fit, unidimensionality, and differential item functioning). To test construct validity, we calculated the coefficients of correlation between the CISS VE and the Computer-Vision Symptom Scale (CVSS17) or Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS). We determined test-retest reliability in a subset of 229 subjects. We used differential item functioning (DIF) to compare the CISSS VE and the CISS after administering the CISS to 216 English children. Results: After applying exclusion criteria, the responses of 420 participants (mean age, 18.62 years; female, 54.95%) revealed good Rasch model fit, good precision (person separation = 2.33), and suboptimal targeting (-1.37). There was some evidence of multidimensionality, but disattenuated correlations between the Rasch dimension and a possible secondary dimension were high, suggesting they were measuring similar constructs. No item bias according to gender or age was detected. Spearman's correlation was 0.34 (P < 0.001) for CISS VE-CVSS17 and non-significant for CISS VE-WEMWBS. The limits of agreement for test-retest reliability were 9.67 and-8.71. Rasch analysis results indicated no difference between CISS and CISS VE. Conclusions: According to our results, CISS VE is a valid and reliable tool for measuring the symptoms assessed by CISS in Spanish people 9 to 30 years of age. Translational Relevance: CISS VE can measure convergence insufficiency symptoms in Spanish-speaking subjects.