Periodontal disease in ruminants is common and occurs in farmed and wild animals. Periodontal lesions can result from the secretion of endotoxins by pathogenic bacteria and as consequences of immune system activity. Three main types of periodontitis have been described. The first is chronic inflammation involving mainly premolars and molars—periodontitis (PD). The second type is an acute inflammatory reaction occurring with calcification of the periosteum of the jawbone and swelling of the surrounding soft tissues (Cara inchada, CI—“swollen face”). Finally, a third type, similar to the first but located in the incisor area, is called “broken mouth” (BM). Etiological variation between the different types of periodontitis is indicated. This particularly manifests in the composition of the microbiome, which is characteristic of the different forms of periodontitis. The widespread detection of lesions has drawn attention to the current nature of the problem.
Transrectal examination of the female reproductive organ is one of the essential skills that every veterinarian should possess. Rectal palpation is currently the fastest, cheapest and easiest technique to accurately assess the condition of the uterus and ovaries. However, it is hard to evaluate the actual level of rectal examination skills among veterinary medicine students. The purpose of the research was to measure students’ skills in rectal examination consulting their acquired experience and professional motivation. Twenty-one students of veterinary medicine were divided into three groups according to their experience and motivation. The time and correctness of palpation were noted in every training and testing session. The most motivated and experienced students showed the best cattle palpation skills. Although an increase in the accuracy of the results of transrectal examination was noted in every student group, an increase in the accuracy of right ovary size rating was observed only in the group of the least motivated students.
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