Background: Chronic endometritis (CE) and endometrial polyps (EPs) are common conditions in reproductive age women. CE is an infectious disorder of the endometrium characterized by signs of chronic inflammation at hysteroscopic and histological analyses. EPs are abnormal endometrial growths containing glands, stroma and blood vessels projecting from the lining of the uterus. During the last years, different authors have investigated the correlation between CE and EPs, with controversial results. The aim of this study was to summarize available evidence on the potential correlation between CE and EPs. Design: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Methods: Observational-studies were identified by searching electronic databases from their inception to September 2021. Only studies on pre-menopausal women were included. Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc 16.4.3 (Ostend, Belgium) and Review Manager version 5.3 (Nordic Cochrane Centre, Cochrane Collaboration). The summary measures were reported as pooled proportion or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The primary outcome was to evaluate the prevalence of CE in women with EPs. The secondary outcome was to determine the prevalence of CD-138-positive EPs among EPs. Tertiary outcomes were to compare the prevalence of CE in women with EPs versus women with a non-polypoid endometrium and to compare the prevalence of CE in women with a single EP versus women with multiple EPs. Results: Eight observational studies (n = 3225 patients) were included in quantitative synthesis. Pooled prevalence of CE among women with EPs was 51.35% (95% CI, 27.24–75.13%). Pooled proportion of CD-138-positive EPs among EPs was 70.73% (95% CI, 55.73–83.68%). Women with EPs showed higher prevalence of CE compared to women without EPs (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.59–5.95). Women with ≥3 EPs had higher prevalence of CE then women with a single EP (OR 3.43, 95% CI 1.83–6.46). Conclusions: In pre-menopausal women, CE and EPs may have a dependent relationship and may represent two consequent steps of a common pathological process.

Cerebral cortical malformations are common causes of neurodevelopmental delay and epilepsy and include a wide range of antenatal neurogenesis disorders. Abnormal cell proliferation leads to microcephaly or megalencephaly, incomplete neuronal migration results in heterotopia and lissencephaly, neuronal overmigration manifests as cobblestone malformations, and anomalous postmigrational cortical organization is responsible for polymicrogyria (PMG) and schizencephaly. Although corticogenesis occurs early, these rare pathologies are associated with late onset during pregnancy, which does not allow their early prenatal recognition. This review aims to give an update of current knowledge of these insidious cerebral cortical disorders. How to cite this article Capuano P, Cialdella M, D’Addario V. Malformations of Cortical Development. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(4):308-313.

No abstract

Fetal intracranial supratentorial cysts may develop in the cerebral parenchyma or in the ventricles. They can have different sizes, positions, and relationships with other intracranial structures. Three different groups of cysts may be described: Intraparenchymal, intraventricular, and extra-axial. This review describes the prenatal sonographic findings of the fetal supratentorial cysts, their association with central nervous system (CNS) and extra-CNS anomalies, their clinical significance, and their outcome. How to cite this article Cialdella M, Capuano P, D’Addario V. Supratentorial Cysts: Prenatal Diagnosis and Outcome. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(4):302-307.

Malformations of the posterior fossa include multiple entities which have been described in the recent years using different terminologies, thus causing some confusion in the literature about this topic. They can be divided into two main categories: Cystic and noncystic. The cystic group includes Dandy—Walker malformation (DWM), vermian hypoplasia (VH), Blake's pouch cyst (BPC), mega cisterna magna (MCM), arachnoid cysts (ACs). The noncystic group includes cerebellar hypoplasia, rhombencephalosynapsis, Chiari II malformation. The correct prenatal diagnosis allows to make the proper prognosis which is extremely variable ranging from cases with normal outcome to cases with severe neurodevelopmental delay. The aim of this review is to evaluate the feasibility of sonographic diagnosis of the posterior fossa abnormalities and to discuss their clinical consequences. How to cite this article D’Addario V, Di Cagno L, Capuano P, Cialdella M. Malformations of the Posterior Fossa. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(4):294-301.