Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), which has a high mortality rate and transmissibility. In this context, medicinal plants have attracted attention due to the wide availability and variety of therapeutic compounds, such as alkaloids, a vast class with several proven pharmacological effects, like the antiviral and anti‐inflammatory activities. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to summarize the current knowledge of the potential applicability of alkaloids for treating COVID‐19. A systematic search was performed on PubMed and Scopus, from database inception to August 2021. Among the 63 eligible studies, 65.07% were in silico model, 20.63% in vitro and 14.28% clinical trials and observational studies. According to the in silico assessments, the alkaloids 10‐hydroxyusambarensine, cryptospirolepine, crambescidin 826, deoxynortryptoquivaline, ergotamine, michellamine B, nigellidine, norboldine and quinadoline B showed higher binding energy with more than two target proteins. The remaining studies showed potential use of berberine, cephaeline, emetine, homoharringtonine, lycorine, narciclasine, quinine, papaverine and colchicine. The possible ability of alkaloids to inhibit protein targets and to reduce inflammatory markers show the potential for development of new treatment strategies against COVID‐19. However, more high quality analyses/reviews in this field are necessary to firmly establish the effectiveness/safety of the alkaloids here described.
Trichilia catigua is a tree known as "catuaba", widely distributed in Brazil.Studies carried out with T. catigua barks suggest that plant has antidepressant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, and preventive against brain damage. The aim of this work was to isolate and characterize compounds from the semipurified fraction of T. catigua barks, and to conduct microbiological screening against bacteria and fungi. The crude extract (CE) of "catuaba" was produced by turbo extraction with acetone-water, and later, partitioned to yield ethyl-acetate (EAF) and aqueous (AqF) fractions. From AqF the new catechin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside-(4α→8)-epicatechin was isolated, identified, and described here for the first time. Regarding antimicrobial activity, the extracts presented impressive results, mainly for Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) with MIC of 156.5 μg/mL. The results suggest that extract of T. catigua could potentially be used as an adjuvant to treatment and is a promising candidate for the development of new antimicrobial drugs. Experimental Plant material and extracts preparationThe Trichilia catigua barks was obtained in Caetité, Bahia, Brazil, in May, 2011 (14°05'35.2"S; 42°34'20.2"W, h=916 m). The voucher specimen was deposited at the Herbarium of the State University of Maringá (HUEM#19434), and was identified by Prof. Dr. Cássia M. Sakuragui. The collection of the plant material was registered with IBAMA-SISBIO under No. 11995-6, May 13, 2016, authentication code 48926652 under the responsibility of J. C. P. Mello. Access to the botanical material was registered by the Sistema Nacional de Gestão do Patrimônio Genético e do Conhecimento Tradicional Associado-SisGen under No. A8B4204.The dried and pulverized T. catigua barks was subjected to turbo-extraction (Ultra-Turrax UTC115KT) with acetone-water (7:3, v/v) at 10% (w/v) for 15 min. Then, the extract was filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure, and lyophilized to obtain the crude extract (CE) (19.5%). The CE was partitioned with ethyl acetate and water (1:1, v/v), to yield the ethylacetate fraction (EAF) (28.0%) and the aqueous fraction (AqF) (72.0%). The fractions were concentrated in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure, and lyophilized. Determination of total polyphenols and antioxidant capacityThe technique used was the colorimetric method of Folin-Ciocalteu, according Blainski et al. (2013). The procedure was performed to CE, EAF, and AqF in which they were weighed, respectively, 150; 40, and 100 mg. The total polyphenols presented the following values: CE (39.46%±0.17), EAF (62.98%±0.58), and AqF (35.32%±0.22).The antioxidant capacity of CE, EAF, and AqF was measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, according to Amarowicz et al. (2014), with some modifications.Ascorbic acid was used as a standard of antioxidant activity. The IC 50 were: CE (7.07±0.26), EAF (5.89±0.23), AqF (7.77±0.20), and ascorbic acid (7.21±0.28).
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