Estimating the entity value is topical and of particular interest to managers and business owners, who in turn hope that through the evaluation they will obtain parallel and new possibilities for the business remediation. In this context, managers seek the support of qualified assessors, who will conduct a thorough analysis of the entity’s state at a given date, will apply the most effective evaluation methods. In this paper we proposed to investigate and analyze the theoretical aspects of the entity value estimation (EVE), rendered in the opinion of the well-informed researchers and in the light of the evaluation standards. As a result, we note that the criteria of evaluations have been supplemented with the following criterion: by type of activity of the economic entity. We estimate the evaluation methods in order to identify the most accepted and effective method for this important process to the entity. For the practical aspect of the investigation, we focused on the method of comparison in the market valuation of the enterprise, in order to establish the statistical indicators consisting of the calculation of the median and the arithmetic mean. Based on the calculations made in the practical part, we have found that an economic entity can change its own value, in particular, by the way its values are profitable. In estimating the value of the entity, a decision-making function is attributed to the rests with the assessor, in particular with regard to the methods selected and applied professionally by the entity, in compliance with professional valuation standards and current regulations, as the fair estimation of the entity’s value leads to a secure future and a guaranteed success.
The sphere of consumer loans implies protection, knowledge, anticipatory regulations, flexibility, adaptability leading to the elaboration of a modern, clear legislation and an efficient internal credit market. Clear, explicit and clear legislation contributes to increasing the trust of customers, consumers and effectively to their protection. The European Directive states that: “in order to ensure consumer confidence, it is important that the market provides them with a sufficient degree of protection” [1]. In this way, the demand and supply of loans can be achieved in optimal conditions, both for professionals who offer loans and for credit consumers. A sufficient degree of protection ensures the confidence of credit consumers. In this sense, the concept of complete harmonization, from the perspective of the European Directive is seen as necessary in order to achieve a high level of interest of consumers and professionals. Legislation easily understood by the parties involved in credit agreements, does not leave room for some interpretations. For this reason, we appreciate the fact that the presentation of the definitions, the transparency in the knowledge of their meaning represent one of the important measures of protection of the customers consuming loans.
Interest and commissions are important sources of revenue for credit institutions. Among the causes generating abusive clauses are the interest, interest rates and commissions charged to loans to customers by creditors. Theory and practice have shown that these abusive clauses are unlimited. Effective knowledge of abusive clauses is only one of the customer protection measures. Of course, only their knowledge does not completely solve the problem, but will determine the orientation of creditors in finding more subtle abusive clauses. From a multidisciplinary perspective, the Study is structured in two parts: Part I, follows aspects of concrete identification of the types of sources of abusive clauses on a specified case and Part II materializes in the technical-applicative presentation of the methods used to quantify the differences in the amounts paid by the client in addition, generated by the existence of abusive clauses in the credit agreement he concluded with the creditor. The results of the first part confirm: Hypothesis 1, regarding the existence of abusive clauses in the investigated case; Hypothesis 2, regarding the identification of the sources generating abusive clauses that materialize in the interest rate, interest and bank fees; Hypothesis3, referring to the analytical grouping by types of the sources causing abusive clauses.
GEV 500 represents the International Standard regulating the establishment of the taxable value of buildings belonging to legal entities. In order to establish the taxable value of buildings, legal entities must appeal either to authorized persons specialized in real estate valuation (EPI) or to a corporate member, in which case the assessment report for taxation purposes can be made by one or more evaluators with EPI specialization.Our study aims at theoretical substantiation and practical evaluation for the purpose of taxing of an office apartment through the market approach, using quantitative methods. To this end, the value of the asset was determined in an appropriate manner in full consonance for the purpose of valuation by applying the market comparison method, using the comparison criteria that are specified in the case of building assets in the price per square meter and the income method, which takes the shape of an assumed or hypothetical rent that is determined on the basis of the cost that would be borne by the landlord to rent an equivalent space. The available data, information and delimitations have allowed, on the one hand, selection of the appropriate methods and, on the other hand, formulation of the opinion on the value.
The IMM INVEST type of reimbursable financing is a top-up loan formula, materialized in the granting of bank loans granted to micro-enterprises under the national legislation applicable to investments and working capital. In order to benefit from this financing, the wishing companies must go through two stages: a pre-contractual stage in which the registration on the electronic platform created for this purpose takes place, in which the companies must prove that they fall into the category of micro-enterprises and the contractual stage. In order to meet the eligibility conditions in the contractual phase, micro-enterprises will be subject to the verification of administrative compliance and the techniques and methods for verifying financial soundness. Beneficiaries of such loans will benefit under the state aid scheme from various forms of government support materialized in supporting the costs of financing 100% from the state budget, until the end of 2020 with the possibility of extension, which will help them to re-launch itself from a financial and economic perspective.
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